AUTHOR=Falkenberg Magnus , Bensen Ottsen Anders , Ibsen Mathias , Rathgeb Christian TITLE=Child face recognition at scale: synthetic data generation and performance benchmark JOURNAL=Frontiers in Signal Processing VOLUME=Volume 4 - 2024 YEAR=2024 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/signal-processing/articles/10.3389/frsip.2024.1308505 DOI=10.3389/frsip.2024.1308505 ISSN=2673-8198 ABSTRACT=

We address the need for a large-scale database of children’s faces by using generative adversarial networks (GANs) and face-age progression (FAP) models to synthesize a realistic dataset referred to as “HDA-SynChildFaces”. Hence, we proposed a processing pipeline that initially utilizes StyleGAN3 to sample adult subjects, which is subsequently progressed to children of varying ages using InterFaceGAN. Intra-subject variations, such as facial expression and pose, are created by further manipulating the subjects in their latent space. Additionally, this pipeline allows the even distribution of the races of subjects, allowing the generation of a balanced and fair dataset with respect to race distribution. The resulting HDA-SynChildFaces consists of 1,652 subjects and 188,328 images, each subject being present at various ages and with many different intra-subject variations. We then evaluated the performance of various facial recognition systems on the generated database and compared the results of adults and children at different ages. The study reveals that children consistently perform worse than adults on all tested systems and that the degradation in performance is proportional to age. Additionally, our study uncovers some biases in the recognition systems, with Asian and black subjects and females performing worse than white and Latino-Hispanic subjects and males.