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        <title>Frontiers in Soft Matter | Liquid Crystals section | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/soft-matter/sections/liquid-crystals</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Liquid Crystals section in the Frontiers in Soft Matter journal | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
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        <pubDate>2026-05-14T07:21:32.770+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsfm.2025.1658466</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsfm.2025.1658466</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Recent advances in lyotropic liquid crystal nanoparticle formulations for drug delivery systems]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-09-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Paranthaman Subash</author><author>Sulekha Khute</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Lyotropic liquid crystalline (LLC) nanoparticles have gained significant attention as drug delivery systems owing to their unique self-assembly properties, biocompatibility, and ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. This chapter explores recent advances in LLC formulations, focusing on their structural classification, physicochemical properties, and applications in controlled-drug delivery. Various mesophases, including lamellar, cubic, and hexagonal structures, have been discussed, highlighting their roles in controlled release. A comparative analysis reveals that cubic phases offer superior structural stability for sustained release, while hexagonal phases excel in high-viscosity applications, though their complex preparation limits scalability. In addition, key characterization techniques such as small-angle X-ray scattering, differential scanning calorimetry, and rheology are examined to offer insights into their stability and performance. Furthermore, the development of in situ gelling precursor systems and their applications in oral, transdermal, ocular, nasal, injectable, and periodontal drug delivery have been explored. The incorporation of stimuli-responsive materials into LLC systems enhances their adaptability to personalized medicine and advanced therapeutic strategies. Despite these advancements, challenges such as scalability, long-term stability, and clinical translation remain unresolved. This chapter highlights the potential of LLC nanoparticles to revolutionize modern drug delivery by improving bioavailability, therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. Future research should focus on optimizing formulation strategies and exploring novel biomaterials to expand the clinical utility of LLC-based drug delivery systems.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsfm.2024.1518796</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsfm.2024.1518796</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Nanoparticles in thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-01-07T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Chung-Hao Chen</author><author>Ingo Dierking</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Over the last few decades many applications of liquid crystals have been developed, including the widely employed technology of low-power, flat-panel liquid crystal displays (LCDs), but also sensors, photonic devices and other non-display applications employed in medicine and drug delivery. In recent years, the research trends have shifted in other directions. Nanotechnology and nanoscience have garnered significant attention in liquid crystal research since various nanomaterials or nanoparticles (NPs) can be added directly to the liquid crystalline mesogenic phases. The main idea is to modify the physical properties of liquid crystals or to increase their functionality through the addition of nanomaterials, but also to exploit the self-assembly and spontaneous ordering of LCs into structures or patterns that can be templated by dispersed particles. The neat liquid crystals and the doped nanoparticles/nanomaterials exhibit different behaviours when mixed together. The nanoparticles can influence the alignment and orientation of liquid crystals, and their interaction with the liquid crystals causes the changes in the optical, electrical, and mechanical characteristics of the composite. At the same time the liquid crystal can affect the ordering, structuring and properties of the nanomaterials, for example by transfer of helical order. In this review, we discuss the effects of nanoparticles dispersed in liquid crystals. Several categories of nanomaterials such as metallic, carbon allotropes, nanorod and nanowires will be introduced, together with particles of additional functionality, like ferroelectricity, semiconductors and quantum dots. The combination of liquid crystals and nanoparticles leads to a wide range of applications and novel technologies.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsfm.2024.1359128</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsfm.2024.1359128</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Geometric modeling of phase ordering for the isotropic–smectic A phase transition]]></title>
        <pubdate>2024-05-21T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>David Uriel Zamora Cisneros</author><author>Ziheng Wang</author><author>Noémie-Manuelle Dorval Courchesne</author><author>Matthew J. Harrington</author><author>Alejandro D. Rey</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundLiquid crystal (LC) mesophases have an orientational and positional order that can be found in both synthetic and biological materials. These orders are maintained until some parameter, mainly the temperature or concentration, is changed, inducing a phase transition. Among these transitions, a special sequence of mesophases has been observed, in which priority is given to the direct smectic liquid crystal transition. The description of these transitions is carried out using the Landau–de Gennes (LdG) model, which correlates the free energy of the system with the orientational and positional order.MethodologyThis work explored the direct isotropic-to-smectic A transition studying the free energy landscape constructed with the LdG model and its relation to three curve families: (I) level-set curves, steepest descent, and critical points; (II) lines of curvature (LOC) and geodesics, which are directly connected to the principal curvatures; and (III) the Casorati curvature and shape coefficient that describe the local surface geometries resemblance (sphere, cylinder, and saddle).ResultsThe experimental data on 12-cyanobiphenyl were used to study the three curve families. The presence of unstable nematic and metastable plastic crystal information was found to add information to the already developed smectic A phase diagram. The lines of curvature and geodesics were calculated and laid out on the energy landscape, which highlighted the energetic pathways connecting critical points. The Casorati curvature and shape coefficient were computed, and in addition to the previous family, they framed a geometric region that describes the phase transition zone.Conclusion and significanceA direct link between the energy landscape’s topological geometry, phase transitions, and relevant critical points was established. The shape coefficient delineates a stability zone in which the phase transition develops. The methodology significantly reduces the impact of unknown parametric data. Symmetry breaking with two order parameters (OPs) may lead to novel phase transformation kinetics and droplets with partially ordered surface structures.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsfm.2024.1382925</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsfm.2024.1382925</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Q&A of liquid crystal alignment: theory and practice]]></title>
        <pubdate>2024-03-18T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>Alexander Muravsky</author><author>Anatoli Murauski</author>
        <description><![CDATA[We selected and summarized the most important aspects of liquid crystal alignment. Alignment by the surface profile and flat surface alignment are discussed as the main factors leading to the high-quality orientation of liquid crystals. The advanced level of understanding and formulation allows linking the alignment layer properties to the molecular structure of the alignment material. The paper reviews and combines the latest knowledge about liquid crystal alignment, dwells upon the relationship between the polar and azimuthal anchoring energy, explains the major particularities regarding anchoring measurements in the case of birefringent alignment materials with truly high azimuthal anchoring energy, and observes the current trends of water-friendly alignment materials and their application in geometrical phase device fabrication.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsfm.2023.1324589</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsfm.2023.1324589</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Challenges and opportunities from water under soft nanoconfinement]]></title>
        <pubdate>2023-11-23T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Perspective</category>
        <author>Raffaele Mezzenga</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Nanoconfined water differs significantly from bulk water and challenges our common understanding of liquid water in both its most fundamental features, as well as in many applied aspects which stem out from its peculiar behavior. This brief perspective pinpoints both challenges associated with the study of water under soft nanoconfinement as well as some opportunities which arise from it, and which would not be at reach with standard bulk water. A special focus is given to the strong nanoconfinement (∼1–10 nm) offered by inverse lipidic mesophases, viewed as a natural soft nanoconfinement environment for water.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsfm.2023.1193904</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsfm.2023.1193904</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Phase behavior of nematic-nanoparticle mixtures]]></title>
        <pubdate>2023-06-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>Arbresha Hölbl</author><author>Amid Ranjkesh</author><author>Andreja Abina</author><author>Samo Kralj</author><author>Aleksander Zidanšek</author>
        <description><![CDATA[We study the effects of nanoparticles (NPs) on thermotropic nematic liquid crystals (LCs) in relatively dilute NP–LC mixtures. We are interested in the fundamental generic mechanisms that quantitatively and qualitatively affect the phase behavior of LCs. A simple molecular field analysis shows that a phase transition will likely occur upon entry into the ordered phase. Moreover, the interaction between nematogenic NPs and LCs could force a sergeant–soldier-like behavior, in which only the phase behavior of one component is affected despite the symmetric appearance of the coupling term. When NPs are anisotropic, their influence on LC phase behavior can be qualitatively different depending on the anchoring, even in the absence of the disorder. We illustrate numerically that a random-field-type disorder might impose either short-range, quasi-long-range, or even long-range order, which might survive.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsfm.2023.1114551</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsfm.2023.1114551</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Deep learning techniques for the localization and classification of liquid crystal phase transitions]]></title>
        <pubdate>2023-02-03T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Ingo Dierking</author><author>Jason Dominguez</author><author>James Harbon</author><author>Joshua Heaton</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Deep Learning techniques such as supervised learning with convolutional neural networks and inception models were applied to phase transitions of liquid crystals to identify transition temperatures and the respective phases involved. In this context achiral as well as chiral systems were studied involving the isotropic liquid, the nematic phase of solely orientational order, fluid smectic phases with one-dimensional positional order and hexatic phases with local two-dimensional positional, so-called bond-orientational order. Discontinuous phase transition of 1st order as well as continuous 2nd order transitions were investigated. It is demonstrated that simpler transitions, namely Iso-N, Iso-N*, and N-SmA can accurately be identified for all unseen test movies studied. For more subtle transitions, such as SmA*-SmC*, SmC*-SmI*, and SmI*-SmF*, proof-of-principle evidence is provided, demonstrating the capability of deep learning techniques to identify even those transitions, despite some incorrectly characterized test movies. Overall, we demonstrate that with the provision of a substantial and varied dataset of textures there is no principal reason why one could not develop generalizable deep learning techniques to automate the identification of liquid crystal phase sequences of novel compounds.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsfm.2023.1089726</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsfm.2023.1089726</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Phase transitions in complex functional liquid crystals—The entropy effect]]></title>
        <pubdate>2023-01-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Perspective</category>
        <author>Matthias Lehmann</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Liquid crystal design and synthesis are being driven towards always more complexity. The self-assembly of poly- and shape-amphiphiles allow tailoring the soft material structures with double and even triple nanosegregation of functional building blocks. Alignment of the anisotropic liquid crystal is crucial, in order to generate a full control over the material’s function and performance. This procedure often needs an isotropic phase at accessible temperatures without decomposition. The impact of thermodynamic factors, such as cohesive energy density difference and entropy contributions, is discussed in this perspective paper using selected examples. In the process of molecular design such considerations can help to adjust transition temperatures and subsequently, to achieve aligned, complex liquid crystalline matter. This will allow access to new fields of liquid crystal applications.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsfm.2022.1022077</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsfm.2022.1022077</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Electro-optic response of bipolar nematic liquid crystal confined in oblate spheroid]]></title>
        <pubdate>2022-12-14T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Chenjing Yang</author><author>Ran Chen</author><author>Leyun Feng</author><author>Rui Zhang</author><author>Dong Chen</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Electro-optic response of liquid crystals (LCs) relies on the molecular reorientation of LCs under external electric field and is important for a wide spectrum of applications. Here, we uncover an interesting electro-optic response of 5CB nematic LC confined in an oblate spheroid and subjected to external electric field. Under the planar anchoring, the nematic LC spheroid adopts a bipolar structure with the bipolar axis laid in the horizontal film plane. When a threshold electric field EF, is applied, the bipolar structure reorients from the horizontal configuration (LC molecules align along long axis direction) to the vertical configuration (LC molecules align along short axis direction), involving the competition of elastic energy, surface anchoring energy and electric field energy. In contrast to bipolar nematic LC droplets, the vertical configuration does not relax to the low-energy horizontal configuration after removing E; we argue that is due to the oblate shape of the nematic LC spheroid, which traps the bipolar structure in a local energy minimum. We use continuum simulation to demonstrate the detailed response and the reorientation dynamics of bipolar nematic spheroids under E field, showing consistent results with the experiments and confirming the proposed switching mechanism. Nevertheless, the vertical configuration of the bipolar structure could relax to the low-energy horizontal configuration by thermal cycling. Our studies provide clear experimental results that show the characteristics of the electro-optic response of oblate LC spheroids, which have both fundamental and practical implications.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsfm.2022.1079063</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsfm.2022.1079063</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A perspective on the Langmuir adsorption model applied to molecular liquid crystals containing ions and nanoparticles]]></title>
        <pubdate>2022-12-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Perspective</category>
        <author>Yuriy Garbovskiy</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Electrical properties of molecular liquid crystals doped with nanomaterials have been extensively studied over the past two decades. In general, nanoparticles in liquid crystals can play a dual role acting as either ion capturing agents or ion generating objects. An interplay between ions and nanomaterials in liquid crystals can result in a great variety of nontrivial ionic effects. This perspective discusses the Langmuir adsorption model applied to describe ionic phenomena in molecular liquid crystals doped with nanoparticles. The applicability and limitations of this model are emphasized. Within a range of its applicability, the Langmuir adsorption model can be used to obtain a wealth of information about nanoparticle-induced ionic effects in molecular liquid crystals. In addition, this model also offers important improvements to standard experimental procedures for evaluation of electrical properties of advanced liquid crystal materials.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsfm.2022.1052037</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsfm.2022.1052037</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Liquid crystal-based actuators]]></title>
        <pubdate>2022-11-14T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Alexandra Gruzdenko</author><author>Ingo Dierking</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Liquid crystal polymer networks (LCNs) have a great potential in soft actuator technologies. In contrast to other materials, LCNs offer a wide range of external stimuli which can trigger their actuation. These are for example based on changes of temperature, photo-induced or via the application of electric fields. We here discuss the main LCN actuation mechanisms and classify them into several groups based on the used stimulus. Specific recent examples are provided for liquid crystal actuators and several general applications of such materials in connection to actuation mechanisms are exemplary outlined.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsfm.2022.1011618</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsfm.2022.1011618</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Simulation of a cholesteric blue phase cell with large but finite thickness]]></title>
        <pubdate>2022-10-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Jun-ichi Fukuda</author>
        <description><![CDATA[We investigate the structure of a cholesteric blue phase (BP) liquid crystal cell of finite thickness under an electric field normal to the planar surfaces confining the liquid crystal. We carry out large scale simulations to consider cases in which the thickness of the BP liquid crystal is approximately 40 times the BP lattice constant (typical thickness in experiments), larger than that of previous simulation studies. Our calculations clearly demonstrate that the number of periodic structures along the thickness direction (thickness divided by the lattice constant) is discretized by the presence of confining surfaces. The stability of the so-called BP X structure over the BP I under the electric field, as well as the electrostriction, is confirmed. The metastability of the BP X structure after the cessation of the electric field, demonstrated in a recent experiment [Nat. Mater. 19, 94 (2020)] is also shown. We also perform calculations for the reflection spectra of the BP structures, and clearly observe the shift of the reflection peak due to electrostriction. Our study demonstrates the role of finite thickness on the behavior of a BP cell.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsfm.2022.1021077</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsfm.2022.1021077</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Liquid crystal-polymer composites switchable windows for radiant energy flow and privacy control]]></title>
        <pubdate>2022-10-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Suman Halder</author><author>Yunho Shin</author><author>Ziyuan Zhou</author><author>Xinfang Zhang</author><author>Lang Hu</author><author>Deng-Ke Yang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Global warming is becoming a more and more severe crisis for humans. One way to resolve the concern is to reduce energy consumption. Smart switchable windows for office and residential buildings and vehicles can help reduce energy consumption. An ideal smart window should be able to control radiant energy flow and privacy. We investigated the capability of switchable windows based on liquid crystal/polymer composites, such as polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC), polymer stabilized liquid crystal (PSLC), and polymer stabilized cholesteric texture (PSCT), to control the privacy and radiant energy flow. Through a systematic study, we identified methods to improve their capabilities. We demonstrated that PDLC and PSCT windows of sufficient thick film thickness can control both privacy and energy flow.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsfm.2022.984400</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsfm.2022.984400</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Equilibrium configurations in a nematic pi-cell under an electric field]]></title>
        <pubdate>2022-09-02T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Aaron C. Allen</author><author>Xiaoyu Zheng</author>
        <description><![CDATA[In this work, we study the equilibrium configurations in a nematic pi-cell under an electric field using the one-dimensional Oseen-Frank director model. The equilibrium orientational configurations that can be attained in a pi-cell are known as splay, bend, and twist. Among those, bend and twist are topologically equivalent and can be transitioned into one another as voltage varies. The transition can be continuous or abrupt depending on the material parameters. On the other hand, the splay configuration becomes asymmetric for sufficiently high voltages if the liquid crystal has a positive dielectric anisotropy. We determine those threshold voltages and characterize the order of transitions in terms of the elastic constants and the pretilt angle at the boundary.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsfm.2022.991375</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsfm.2022.991375</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Birefringence-modulated total internal reflection in liquid crystal shells]]></title>
        <pubdate>2022-08-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Nikolay Popov</author><author>Jan P. F. Lagerwall</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The combination of anisotropic boundary conditions and topological constraints acting on a spherical shell of nematic liquid crystal confined between aqueous phases gives rise to peculiar but well-defined configurations of the director field, and thus of the optic axis that defines the impact of the nematic birefringence. While the resulting optics of nematic shells has been extensively investigated in transmission, studies of the reflection behavior are scarce. Here we show that nematic shells exhibit specific light guiding paths mediated by birefringence-modulated total internal reflection (TIR) within the shell. With stabilizers promoting tangential boundary conditions, shells show immobile antipodal spots revealing the locations of maximum effective refractive index, but their intensity is modulated by the polarization of the illuminating light. With normal-aligning stabilizers, shells instead show bright arcs separated by dark spots, and these follow the rotation of the polarization of the illuminating light. Reflection polarizing microscopy thus offers a valuable complement to the more common characterization in transmission, adding data that can be helpful for accurately mapping out director fields in shells of any liquid crystal phase. Moreover, the TIR-mediated light guiding paths may offer interesting handles to localize photopolymerization of reactive liquid crystal shells or to dynamically modulate the response of light-triggered liquid crystal elastomer shell actuators.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsfm.2022.835057</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsfm.2022.835057</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Label-Free Detection of Ochratoxin A Using Aptamer as Recognition Probe at Liquid Crystal-Aqueous Interface]]></title>
        <pubdate>2022-03-23T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Manisha Devi</author><author>Kavyasree A</author><author>Ipsita Pani</author><author>Soma Sil</author><author>Santanu Kumar Pal</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Aqueous interfaces of stimuli-responsive, thermotropic nematic liquid crystals (LC) have been utilized in the design of biosensing platforms for a range of analytes. Owing to the orientational changes in LC, these interfaces can easily report aptamer-target binding events at the LC-aqueous interface. We demonstrate a label-free, simple and robust technique for the detection of Ochratoxin A (OTA) using aptamer as the recognition probe. The self-assembly of CTAB (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide; cationic surfactant) at aqueous-LC interface gives a homeotropic orientation of LC. In presence of negatively charged OTA specific aptamer, aptamer forms a complex with CTAB. Formation of aptamer-CTAB complex results in ordering transition of LCs to planar/tilted. In presence of OTA, OTA forms a strong and stable G-quadruplex structure of aptamer that results in the redistribution of CTAB at LC-aqueous interface and leads to homeotropic orientation of LC. The designed LC aptasensor exhibits a detection limit of 0.1 nM. We observed that the sensitivity of LC aptasensor was affected by the pH and ionic strength. In addition, we demonstrated the applicability of the designed LC aptasensor for the detection of OTA in tap water and apple juice. This approach offers advantages over the conventional detection methods in terms of fabrication, ease of operation, and analysis.]]></description>
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