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        <title>Frontiers in Soil Science | Pedometrics section | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/soil-science/sections/pedometrics</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Pedometrics section in the Frontiers in Soil Science journal | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
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        <pubDate>2026-05-14T01:12:05.873+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2026.1811516</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2026.1811516</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Integrating deep learning with digital soil core sensing for subsurface soil image segmentation]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Perseverança Mungofa</author><author>Daniel Rooney</author><author>Stephen Farrington</author><author>Woody Wallace</author><author>Nicolas Guries</author><author>Arnold Schumann</author><author>Sabine Grunwald</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This study developed a computer vision application for soil-phase segmentation and precise characterization of soil porosity, as well as for estimating soil color and fractal properties from digital images collected in undisturbed in situ soils. The multi-sensor Digital Soil Core (DSC) was used to collect microscopic soil images from four cultivated locations in California’s Central Valley, encompassing eight soil series and six soil orders. Images were extracted from video frames of profiles down to 120 cm with 1 cm increments (1920 × 1080 px; ~3 µm/pixel; 2.2 × 1.2 mm field of view). A pre-trained (ImageNet) DeepLabV3+ model with a ResNet101 backbone was calibrated over 200 iterations using 1,564 images (90% for calibration, with an 80:20 train/validation split, and 10% for testing). Training masks were generated with a modified IsoData algorithm in ImageJ. Model performance was evaluated on an external dataset of 404 images from four profiles (0–100 cm), one per location. The final model achieved training accuracy = 0.91, loss = 0.16, and mean intersection-over-union (mIoU) = 0.86. The Precision, Recall, and F1-score on the test dataset were 0.92, 0.91, and 0.91, respectively. Model outputs (binary masks) were used to identify pore space in soil images, thereby enhancing measurements of soil porosity, fractal variables, and color analysis. We then compared three processing pipelines: unsegmented (UN), masked (MS), and binary (BI). Each pipeline produced 2D porosity (%) and fractal variables: Lacunarity, Succolarity, Fractal Dimension, and Entropy, calculated using established image-analysis algorithms. Soil color metrics (CIE L*a*b* and HSV) were computed for UN and MS images. Outputs from segmented images were compared to unsegmented images. Differences in soil color were evaluated using the paired Wilcoxon test, and differences in porosity and fractal metrics across UN, MS, and BI were assessed using the Kruskal–Wallis test. Segmentation improved accuracy and preprocessing efficiency, with statistically significant differences confirmed by these tests (p < 0.0001). The DL-based approach is suitable for integration into digital soil sensors, enhancing segmentation accuracy and processing efficiency with inference time under 100 ms/frame. These results support scalable, field-ready quantification of soil porosity, color, and fractal metrics using in situ imagery.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2026.1770292</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2026.1770292</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Critical edaphic and altitudinal factors influencing cation exchange capacity in coffee-growing soils of northeastern Peru: implications for sustainable fertility management]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-05T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Henry Díaz-Chuquizuta</author><author>Luis Fernando Manrique Gonzales</author><author>Martín Sánchez Ojanasta</author><author>Juan Pablo Cuevas-Giménez</author><author>Carlos Carbajal-Llosa</author><author>Néstor Cuellar-Condori</author><author>Boris Martínez</author><author>Geomar Vallejos-Torres</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionEffective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) is a key indicator of soil fertility and sustainable soil management assessment in coffee-growing systems.MethodsThis study aimed to identify the principal edaphic and altitudinal factors explaining ECEC variability in 69 soil samples collected from coffee farms in northeastern Peru.ResultsECEC results exhibited substantial variation, ranging from 0.14 to 55.49 cmol(+)·kg−1 (mean = 15.21; SD = 12.47), and were significantly correlated with organic matter (r = 0.71), clay content (r = 0.62), exchangeable acidity (r = –0.63), and altitude (r = 0.33). Principal component analysis accounted for 64.3% of the edaphic variability, identifying Ca2+, pH, Mg2+, and exchangeable acidity as the most influential variables. The Random Forest model demonstrated high predictive accuracy (R2 = 0.93; root mean square error (RMSE) = 2.1 cmol (+)·kg−1), outperforming the generalized additive model (GAM) and identifying Ca2+ as the most important predictor (IncMSE% = 3177.37). A functional altitudinal gradient was also evident: areas above 1150 m.a.s.l. showed higher acidity and aluminium content, whereas areas below 900 m.a.s.l. exhibited greater base saturation and higher ECEC.DiscussionThese findings support the development of sitespecific fertilization strategies and soil–climate zoning, emphasizing the value of integrating multivariate analyses with machine-learning models as key tools for optimizing fertility management and coffee crop productivity in tropical mountain ecosystems; where soil texture represents a key factor influencing coffee sustainability, as greater nutrient retention capacity and improved nutritional balance are associated with enhanced potential for sustainable production and reduced environmental impact.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2026.1780422</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2026.1780422</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Soil total nitrogen prediction using sentinel-2 simulated bands and machine learning: a laboratory spectroscopy study in Hemerocallis citrina Baroni fields]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Ping Li</author><author>Xuran Li</author><author>Peng He</author><author>Jingshu Wang</author><author>Chenbo Yang</author><author>Zelong Yao</author><author>Rutian Bi</author><author>Lishuai Xu</author><author>Hongfen Zhu</author><author>Fan Yang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Soil total nitrogen (STN) is a crucial indicator of crop productivity and soil health. Accurate monitoring of STN is essential for optimizing nitrogen management and achieving sustainable agricultural development. An adequate and timely STN supply serves as a key physiological basis for promoting effective tillering, flower stalk development, and continuous multibatch bud formation in Hemerocallis citrina Baroni. To address the challenges posed by the high-dimensionality of hyperspectral data and the dynamic spectral response of STN across different growth stages, this study employed spectral resampling to select feature bands based on Sentinel-2 sensor data(Simulation of Sentinel-2 Bands, SSB method). Specifically, hyperspectral data were collected under laboratory controlled conditions (constant temperature darkroom, standard light source, air-dried ground soil), simulated Sentinel-2 sensor bands through spectral resampling (SSB method), and constructed an STN prediction framework based on 8 machine learning algorithms(random forest, extreme gradient boosting, back propagation neural network (BPNN), genetic algorithm-optimized BPNN (GA-BPNN), convolutional neural networks (CNN), and a hybrid CNN-bidirectional long short-term memory-attention model). The model performance was comprehensively evaluated using the coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and mean bias error (MBE). This study aims to establish laboratory-scale soil-spectral chemical relationship baselines, providing band selection and algorithm validation references for subsequent field remote sensing applications, rather than directly developing field operational systems. The results showed that: (1) the three-band spectral index TBI3 exhibited the highest correlation with STN across the full growth period (R=0.7354). The optimal indices for specific growth stages were TBI4, TBI3, and TBI5 for the spring seedling/leaf expansion, bolting/flowering, and bud emergence stages, respectively, with TBI-series indices exhibiting significantly superior performance compared to two-dimensional indices; (2) the GA-BPNN model achieved the highest accuracy for the full growth period, with a test R2 of 0.6284, along with the lowest MAE (0.0693 g·kg-1) and RMSE (0.0879 g·kg-1), demonstrating outstanding generalization capability; and (3) the GA-BPNN model outperformed the other models in comparative analyses across different growth stages, and the growth stage-specific integrated modeling method showed higher prediction accuracy and enhanced resistance to overfitting (both training and test R2 exceeded 0.6, with the gap reduced to 0.0064). Based on these findings, we propose a technical framework termed "SSB-SPXY-GA-BPNN-growth stage adaptation", which provides theoretical and methodological support for precise STN monitoring and variable-rate fertilization.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2026.1745154</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2026.1745154</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Soil organic carbon content mapping along the coast of northern Peru: an ensemble machine learning approach]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-26T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Wilian Salazar-Coronel</author><author>Carlos Carbajal-Llosa</author><author>Rodolfo Chuchon-Remon</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionSoil organic carbon (SOC) content plays a fundamental role in regulating the global carbon cycle and mitigating climate change. It is also a key marker of soil health and a vital plant component. Its distribution in space varies in dry ecosystems, where climate and land use affect it. This study aimed to estimate and map SOC in the Motupe River Basin, northern Peru, by applying machine learning algorithms and ensemble methods.MethodsFour predictive models were evaluated: Support Vector Regression (SVR), Random Forest (RF), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), together with two ensemble approaches—simple averaging and weighted — integrating topographic, climatic, edaphic, and vegetation indices variables. Spatial autocorrelation was minimized by spatial block cross-validation. Uncertainty was measured with bootstrapping and the Prediction Interval Ratio (PIR) derived from 90% prediction intervals.Results and discussionBest performance was achieved by XGBoost (R² = 0.83), weighted ensemble (R² = 0.70), and RF (R² = 0.63). The most influential predictors were EVI, GNDVI, temperature, TRI, and pH. SOC contents showed relatively higher concentrations (>0.7%) in areas with greater vegetation density, within a semi-arid context where SOC levels are generally low. In contrast, lower areas exhibited reduced SOC contents (< 0.6%). The uncertainty analysis indicated that SOC predictions had high to moderate confidence (PIR < 0.2) in the middle-and upper zones of the basin, and moderate confidence (0.1–0.2) in the lower areas. The results suggest that machine learning and ensemble methods improve SOC prediction, benefiting the sustainable management of soil fertility and quality in arid and semi-arid ecosystems of northern Peru.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2026.1760011</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2026.1760011</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Soil spectroscopy improves mid infrared soil property prediction through optimized preprocessing and variable selection]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-01-28T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Reda Mokere</author><author>Mohamed Ghassan</author><author>Issam Barra</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy is a powerful, eco-friendly, and cost-effective technique for predicting soil property. However, its predictive accuracy can be affected by factors such as moisture content, particle size, sensor variability, and the baseline noise. To address these limitations, this study investigated the impact of combining various preprocessing techniques with variable selection methods on the performance of partial least squares regression (PLSR) models. Soil samples from the Rhamna region of Morocco were analyzed to estimate key properties, including total nitrogen (TN), total carbon (TC), total organic carbon (TOC), clay, silt, sand, moisture content (MC), pH, phosphorus (P2O5), and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Spectral data were preprocessed using methods such as standard normal variate (SNV), Savitzky–Golay smoothing (SG smoothing), first and second derivatives (SG1D and SG2D), and their combinations (e.g., SNV + SG2D). The best-performing preprocessing combinations were then used with variable selection approaches, interval PLS (iPLS), variable importance in projection (VIP), and selectivity ratio (SR). The results indicated that Savitzky–Golay (SG) derivatives combined with SNV generally improved model performance across most soil properties. In particular, total nitrogen (TN) prediction improved primarily with the first SG derivative, with R2cv increasing from 0.82 (raw spectra) to 0.88 (SG1D), while RMSEcv decreased from 0.03% to 0.01%. Further improvements were achieved through variable selection, with iPLS providing the most consistent enhancement across properties with a very low number of features compared to the other methods. Overall, the integration of optimal preprocessing and iPLS variable selection significantly improved the predictive accuracy and robustness of partial least squares regression (PLSR) models for soil property estimation compared with the full spectrum.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2025.1653400</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2025.1653400</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Mapping soil salinity using machine learning and remote sensing data in semi-arid croplands]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-11-26T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Abdelwahed Chaaou</author><author>Hamza Ait-Ichou</author><author>Said El Hachemy</author><author>Mohamed Chikhaoui</author><author>Mustapha Naimi</author><author>Mohammed Hssaisoune</author><author>Mohammed El Hafyani</author><author>Yassine Ait Brahim</author><author>Lhoussaine Bouchaou</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Soil salinity significantly constrains agricultural productivity and land sustainability, particularly in irrigated areas. While, remote sensing offers large-scale monitoring capacity, but its accuracy depends on how effectively spectral information is integrated with advanced modeling approaches. This study evaluates the performance of a combined approach based on machine learning (ML) algorithms and satellite-derived predictors for soil salinity mapping in the Béni Amir Sub-perimeter of Tadla plain, Morocco. A total of 43 topsoil samples (0–10 cm) were collected and analyzed for electrical conductivity (ECe) and resampled to 144 samples for model training and testing. Predictor Variables were derived from Landsat-8 OLI data, including salinity indices (OLI-SI, SI, SI1), intensity indices (Int1, Int2), brightness index (BI), land degradation index (LDI), and reflectance values of selected spectral bands (B2-B7) were standardized and transformed with PCA to address multicollinearity. Four ML algorithms, Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Regressor (SVR), and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) were tested. The results show that the Ece ranges from 0.84 to 10.28 dS/m with a standard deviation of 2.29 dS/m, indicating substantial salinity variability across the Béni Amir sub-perimeter. Individual predictors exhibited moderate correlation with Ece (R = 0.34-0.72). Among the applied models, KNN achieved the highest accuracy (mean coefficient of determination (R²) = 0.75 [0.73-0.77]; Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) = 0.61 dS/m). The resulting maps revealed a consistent southwestward increase in salinity, following the regional hydraulic flow. KNN classified 49% of the area as moderately saline, 22% as slightly saline, and 20% as non-saline, while the strongly and extremely saline classes covered 8.4% and 0.6%, respectively. RF, SVR, and MLP showed comparable trends, with moderately saline areas ranging between 30-41% and strongly to extremely saline soils below 10%. These findings demonstrated that combining satellite-derived data with ML enables a reliable assessment of soil salinity, supporting management of irrigated agroecosystems.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2025.1673628</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2025.1673628</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Ensemble machine learning for digital mapping of soil pH and electrical conductivity in the Andean agroecosystem of Peru]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-11-06T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Carlos Carbajal-Llosa</author><author>Antony Barja</author><author>Samuel Pizarro</author>
        <description><![CDATA[In agricultural systems, soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) are crucial chemical properties that directly affect nutrient availability and microbial activity, but the challenging environment of the Peruvian Andes has limited research on their estimation. This study aimed to develop an ensemble learning method to predict soil pH and EC in Andean agroecosystems using environmental predictors. By using simple and weighted averaging, we developed a heterogeneous ensemble learning approach that integrates machine learning (ML) algorithms, including Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Random Forest (RF), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). The weighted ensemble assigns weights to models based on their predictive accuracy, measured by R² from spatial cross-validation. Spatial patterns are noticeable, and pH displays greater spatial clustering than EC. Elevation was the most important predictor in ML models for both parameters. Ensemble models significantly outperformed individual models, with the weighted ensemble achieving R² >0.93 and reducing RMSE by approximately 72%. Among standalone models, RF and XGBoost performed best for pH, while SVM performed the best for EC. ANN models were the least effective. Uncertainty analysis indicated high confidence in pH predictions but moderate to high uncertainty in EC predictions, suggesting that EC is more challenging to predict. Ensemble models with optimized weighting provide robust and accurate mapping of spatially autocorrelated soil properties. The high-confidence pH maps are reliable for soil management decisions, while EC predictions, though more uncertain, effectively identify priority areas for future sampling and investigation.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2025.1634647</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2025.1634647</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Accumulation of potentially toxic elements in vegetable-cultivated soils from an agri-intensive region of southwest Punjab, India: contamination status and the effect of crop rotation]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-10-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Prafulla Kumar Sahoo</author><author>Harish Chandra Barman</author><author>Hemant Kumar</author><author>Lamnganbi Ngangom</author><author>Umakant Chaudhari</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Uranium (U) and other potentially toxic element (PTE) in cropland have become a major concern for food safety in the Malwa region of Punjab, India. However, limited information is available on the baseline status of these contaminants in vegetable-cultivated soil (CS) and their link to crop rotation patterns. To address this, a total of 149 CS samples (0–10 cm depth) were collected from different sites in the Bathinda and Mansa districts of Punjab during the winter season of 2023–2024. In other seasons, these sites are cultivated with either vegetables or other crops, such as rice, wheat, cotton, and maize, as part of a crop rotation system. Based on the sequence of previous and current crops in each site, the cultivated soils were categorized into different groups, with vegetable–vegetable (VG–VG) and rice–vegetable (RC–VG) rotations being the most dominant. Additionally, 12 undisturbed/uncultivated soil (US) samples were collected for comparative analysis and to estimate the region’s background PTE levels. The results showed that the soils were slightly alkaline (pH: 6.56 to 9.29; average, 7.9) and not saline (EC: 173 to 3,230 µS cm−1) in nature. The contents of U and PTEs were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in CS samples compared to US samples; however, when compared with the regional studies and the reference values of world and Indian soils, all concentrations remained within the limits, indicating no significant enrichment. The content of PTEs did not vary significantly between the two crop rotation patterns, although slightly higher levels of PTEs were noted for RC–VG group. The pollution indices (calculated using site-specific background values), such as contamination factor (CF) and enrichment factor (EF), revealed low to moderate level of contamination in CS samples, except Pb, which showed moderate to very high levels of pollution. Furthermore, the pollution load index (PLI; 0.7 to 2.8) and potential ecological risk (RI; 41 to 250) suggested a low to moderate risk category for PTEs with Cd and Pb being the major contributors. Fertilizer analysis revealed that this contamination may be attributed to the overuse of chemical fertilizers, especially phosphate-based fertilizers, which enriched with U, Cd, Pb, and other PTEs. Although U-enriched groundwater, in conjunction with phosphate fertilizers, could contribute to higher U content in cultivated soils, its impact on U accumulation in VG-cultivated lands appeared to be minimal. Principal component analysis (PCA) and the significant correlation (p < 0.01) between Fe-Mn and Zn-Cr-Cu-Ni-As-Cd-U suggest that secondary Fe/Mn oxyhydroxides play a major role in adsorbing these elements in soils. These findings provide baseline information on the PTE levels in vegetable-cultivated soils in the region, which can support the development of strategies for sustainable land management and improve crop quality in this region.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2025.1612908</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2025.1612908</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal prediction of soil moisture content at various depths in three soil types using machine learning algorithms]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-09-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Tarek Alahmad</author><author>Miklós Neményi</author><author>Adrienn Széles</author><author>Nour Ali</author><author>Omar Hijazi</author><author>Anikó Nyéki</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionAccurate prediction of soil moisture content (SMC) is crucial for agricultural systems as it affects hydrological cycles, crop growth, and resource management. Considering the challenges with prediction accuracy and determining the effect of soil texture, depth, and meteorological data on SMC variation and prediction capability of the used models, this research has been conducted.MethodsThree machine learning (ML) models—random forest regression (RFR), eXtreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and long short-term memory (LSTM)—were developed to predict SMC in three soil types (loam, sandy loam, and silt loam) at five depths of 5, 20, 40, 60, and 80 cm. The dataset was collected during the maize season in 2023, encompassing meteorological parameters collected using Internet of Things (IoT)-based sensors and SMC data calculated using the gravimetric method.ResultsThe results showed variations in SMC in all studied soil types and depths, with silt loam exhibiting the highest variation in SMC. RFR demonstrated high accuracy at different depths and soil types, particularly in loam soil, at a depth of 80 with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.89 and a mean absolute error (MAE) value of 0.74, and in silt loam at 40 cm depth with an RMSE value of 0.498 and an MAE of 0.416. LSTM performed effectively at shallower and moderate depths (60 and 20 cm) with RMSE values of 0.391 and 0.804 and MAE values of 0.335 and 0.793, respectively. In sandy loam soil at 5 cm depth, XGBoost displayed minimal errors and robust performance at the same depths with higher accuracy, achieving an RMSE of 0.025 and an MAE of 0.159. Analysis of training and validation loss revealed that the LSTM model stabilized and improved with more epochs, showing a more consistent decrease in MSE, while RFR and XGBoost exhibited higher performance with increased model complexity, shown in low MSE and RMSE values. Comparisons between measured and predicted SMC% values demonstrated the models’ effectiveness in capturing soil moisture dynamics. Furthermore, feature importance analysis revealed that solar radiation and precipitation were the most influential predictors across all models, offering critical insights into dominant environmental drivers of soil moisture variability.DiscussionBy providing precise SMC predictions across different spatial and temporal scales, this study underscores the value of ML models for SMC prediction, which could have implications for improving irrigation scheduling, reducing water wastages, and enhancing sustainability.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2025.1668732</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2025.1668732</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Rapid assessment of soil traits in hyperarid areas via XRF and locally weighted PLSR]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-09-17T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Baptiste Kerfriden</author><author>Stéphane Boivin</author><author>Oscar Malou</author><author>Yassine Fendane</author><author>Hassan Boukcim</author><author>Sami D. Almalki</author><author>Shauna K. Rees</author><author>Benjamin P. Y.-H. Lee</author><author>Ahmed Mohamed</author><author>Abdalsamad Aldabaa</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Effective soil characterization is crucial for a better understanding of ecosystem functions and for establishing ecological restoration strategies in degraded areas. However, measuring soil physical and chemical variables is usually cost- and time- consuming, which can be restrictive across large areas. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) has been successfully used for predicting soil variables, but has shown limits for some of them, such as soil texture in hyperarid environments. In this study, we tested the combination of centered log-ratio (CLR) transformation on XRF calculated atomic concentration data and locally weighted partial least squares regression (LWPLSR), for the prediction of soil properties in a hyperarid environment. Soil samples were collected across the AlUla region in Saudi Arabia for XRF spectra acquisition and physico-chemical analysis, such as texture, pH, carbonates content, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity (CEC), available macro- and micro-elements content, and soil carbon. LWPLSR construction was based on cross-validation over a calibration dataset to select the optimal number of latent variables. The models’ performances were then evaluated on a validation dataset using the ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) or to inter-quartile (RPIQ), root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), and the determination coefficient (R²). Accurate predictions were found for clay, silt, and sand content (R² = 0.96, 0.88 and 0.93, respectively), CEC (R² = 0.93), exchangeable CaO, MgO and K2O (R² = 0.89, 0.86 and 0.8, respectively), total carbonates content (R² = 0.81) and soil inorganic carbon (R² = 0.92). These findings highlight the potential of CLR transformation as an effective preprocessing method for XRF data and offer new insights into predicting soil physico-chemical properties in hyperarid environments.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2025.1629686</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2025.1629686</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Improving plant-available water estimation using model averaging of national soil water models]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-08-26T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Brendan P. Malone</author><author>Ross D. Searle</author><author>Siyuan Tian</author><author>Thomas F. Bishop</author><author>Yi Yu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionMultiple operational soil water balance (SWB) models provide real-time estimates of soil moisture across Australia, yet differences in model structure and outputs introduce uncertainty for end users. Model averaging offers a potential pathway to improve predictions, but previous studies have largely applied static weighting schemes. This study investigates a temporally dynamic implementation of the Granger–Ramanathan (GRA) model averaging approach to improve in situ and spatial estimates of plant-available water (PAW) in southeastern and southern Australia.MethodsTwo hypotheses were tested: (1) that GRA model averaging improves point-scale PAW predictions compared to individual models, and (2) that spatially scaling GRA coefficients produces more accurate PAW maps than equal-weight averaging. Soil moisture sensor networks from three study regions were used to evaluate GRA performance at the probe scale. Spatial implementations of GRA were developed using temporally varying coefficients, with and without environmental covariates, and compared against static models and simple averaging.ResultsAt the point scale, GRA consistently outperformed individual SWB models and equal weighting, achieving higher concordance with sensor observations (e.g., mean concordance of 0.87 at Boorowa, 0.73 at Muttama, and 0.90 at Eyre Peninsula, compared to 0.29–0.53 for individual models and 0.05–0.60 for equal weighting). Spatial GRA with dynamic coefficients improved mapping performance relative to static approaches, but incorporating environmental covariates did not consistently enhance accuracy and in some cases reduced model generalizability.DiscussionDynamic GRA model averaging provides a practical framework for integrating multiple national-scale SWB models to improve real-time PAW prediction, particularly at well-instrumented locations. However, scaling these benefits to landscape mapping remains challenging when sensor networks are sparse or unevenly distributed. The approach has potential applications in agricultural decision-making and environmental monitoring, but further refinement is needed to optimise spatial implementations.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2025.1642004</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2025.1642004</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Variations in maximum freezing depth in Northeast China from 1975 to 2024 using a machine learning model]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-08-12T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Shuo Wang</author><author>Aihemaitijiang Tuerhong</author><author>Nueraili Maimaitituersun</author><author>Zuo-Jun Ning</author>
        <description><![CDATA[A freezing depth prediction model was constructed using machine learning, incorporating comprehensive data from ground meteorological monitoring stations and remote sensing reanalysis data. The maximum freezing depth (MFD) of seasonally frozen ground (SFG) in Northeast China was systematically analyzed from 1975 to 2024. The simulation results from the machine learning model (MLM) indicated that the MFD of SFG in Northeast China displayed a decreasing trend over the past 50 years, with an average rate of change of -8.54 cm per decade. The average maximum freezing depths (AMFDs) in Northeast China for each decade were: 136.71 cm (1975−1984), 131.96 cm (1985−1994), 123.07 cm (1995−2004), 110.82 cm (2005−2014), and 104.58 cm (2015−2024). The area occupied by each AMFD interval in Northeast China over the past 50 years increased in regions with freezing depths <160 cm. The area with freezing depths >160 cm displayed a decreasing trend. The results not only reveal the impact of climate change on freezing depths, but also provide a scientific basis for environmental management and ecological protection in frozen ground areas. Changes in freezing depth directly affect many sectors such as agriculture, construction, and transportation, making accurate prediction essential for developing climate adaptation strategies. Considering the lack of data regarding the MFD of SFG in Northeast China for the past 50 years, the MLM provided an effective method for predicting changes in MFD using meteorological data and remote sensing reanalysis data.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2025.1617526</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2025.1617526</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Rapid and low-cost geochemical indices for tracing iron mining tailings within fluvial sediments: a case study from the Paraopeba River after the B1 Dam burst in Brumadinho, Minas Gerais, Brazil]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-08-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Fernando Luís Pantuzzo</author><author>Fernando Verassani Laureano</author><author>Caíque Lima Cabral</author><author>Gabriel Negreiros Salomão</author><author>Roberto Dall’Agnol</author><author>Vitor Brognaro Pimenta</author><author>Lucas Pereira Leão</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The B1 dam failure at Córrego do Feijão mine in Brumadinho (Minas Gerais, Brazil) in January 2019 caused severe and long-lasting environmental impacts, particularly on the fluvial sediments of the Paraopeba River basin. Characterizing the geochemical signature of the iron tailings and, especially, distinguishing these materials from the river’s natural sediments remains a significant challenge. In this context, the present study investigates the geochemical signatures of major and minor elements in sediments affected by the tailings and proposes a set of geochemical indices capable of identifying the presence of tailings in impacted sediments. Six cores from a drilling program were extracted along the Paraopeba River bedload. A total of 54 samples were collected, and subsequently subjected to X-ray fluorescence analysis to determine the major and minor elements (Al2O3, CaO, Fe, MgO, Mn, P, SiO2, and TiO2). The main constituents in natural sediment samples were SiO2 and Al2O3, which together accounted for 52.7% to 96.6%, while Fe2O3 represented 1.1% to 42.7%. Conversely, in tailings samples, Fe2O3 concentrations ranged from 36.6% to 88.8%, followed by silica (8.4% to 34.4%) and alumina (0.87% to 19.1%). Fe2O3 levels were above 60% in most of the tailing’s samples. Natural sediment samples generally had higher TiO2, CaO, and MgO content than tailings samples, which, in turn, showed generally higher levels of MnO and P2O5. Based on the aforementioned data, we proposed two chemical compositional indices, IRS1 and IRS2, which are rapid and low-cost to calculate. Due to the compositional characteristics of tailings and sediments, IRS values spread on an opposite diagonally shape when dispersed on a binary IRS1 x IRS2 graph. The pair of indices was applied to stream sediment samples from the Paraopeba River, collected in 2019 as part of the Emergency Monitoring Program. The results indicated that samples classified as tailings were concentrated upstream of the UTE Igarapé reservoir spillway, reinforcing the importance of the reservoir in reducing the propagation of tailings along the Paraopeba River channel. Moreover, when the indices are applied to stream sediment samples collected in 2023 from affected areas where tailings have been subjected to dredging activities, low IRS1 and IRS2 values are observed. Thus, considering the large amount of data generated by the sediment monitoring activities in the Paraopeba River basin, the proposed indices serve as a graphical tool for tracking the dispersion of tailings on a spatial and temporal scale.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2025.1557566</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2025.1557566</link>
        <title><![CDATA[AutoRA: an innovative algorithm for automatic delineation of reference areas in support of smart soil sampling and digital soil twins]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-04-03T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Hugo Rodrigues</author><author>Marcos Bacis Ceddia</author><author>Gustavo Mattos Vasques</author><author>Sabine Grunwald</author><author>Ebrahim Babaeian</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Digital Soil Mapping (DSM) enhances the delivery of soil information but typically requires costly and extensive field data to develop accurate soil prediction models. The Reference Area (RA) approach can reduce soil sampling intensity; however, its subjective delineation may compromise model accuracy when predicting soil properties. In this study, we introduce the autoRA algorithm, an innovative automated soil sampling design method that utilizes Gower’s Dissimilarity Index to delineate RAs automatically. This approach preserves environmental variability while retaining accuracy compared to an exhaustive predictive model (EPM) based on extensive sampling of the entire area of interest. Our objective was to evaluate the sensitivity and efficiency of autoRA by varying target areas (10–50% of the total area) and block size spatial resolutions (5–150 pixels) in regions of Florida, USA, and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. We modeled a hypothetical soil property derived from a combination of commonly used DSM covariates and user inputs into autoRA. Model performance was assessed using R², root mean square error (RMSE), and Bias, aggregated into a Euclidean Distance (ED) metric. Among all configurations, the optimal RA selection – characterized by the lowest ED – was achieved with a target area of 50% and a block size of 10 pixels, closely matching the accuracy of the EPM. For example, in Rio de Janeiro, the EPM produced an ED of 0.17, while the best RA configuration yielded an ED of 0.15. In Florida, the EPM had an ED of 0.35 compared to 0.38 for the optimal RA. Additionally, the 50%-RA with a block size of 10 significantly reduced total costs by approximately 61% in Rio (from US$258,491 to US$100,611) and 63% in Florida (from US$289,690 to US$106,296). Overall, autoRA systematically identifies cost-effective sampling configurations and reduces the investigation area while maintaining model accuracy. By automating RA delineation, autoRA mitigates the subjectivity inherent in traditional methods, thereby supporting more reproducible, strategic, and efficient DSM workflows.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2025.1540941</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2025.1540941</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Comprehensive analysis of sediment grain features and their engineering implications in the Yangtze River source area]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-02-25T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Zhijing Li</author><author>Xiaoxue Wang</author><author>Yujiao Liu</author><author>Wenqi Li</author><author>Xian Zhou</author><author>Chaonan Lv</author><author>Guiqiao Wang</author><author>Junxiao Ma</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionThe particle size characteristics of irregular sediments in the Yangtze River Source Area (YRSA) are pivotal for understanding the mechanical properties of the sedimentary medium.MethodsThis study utilizes field sediment sampling, laser scanning, laboratory testing, and mathematical statistics to analyze the morphological, geometric, mineralogical, and accumulation characteristics of sediment particles in the region.ResultsOur findings indicate that sediments in the YRSA have angular edges and deviate from spherical shapes, exhibiting elongated and flatter three-dimensional morphologies. In the experiment, the sliding plate method was used to measure the angle of repose of the sediments, which was found to be 36.7° above water and 35.9° below water. Both values are higher than the typical range for non-plateau regions, indicating reduced sediment mobility. The sediments are composed of fine-grained and coarse-grained soils. The particle size distribution is primarily coarse sand (0.5-2.0 mm), fine gravel (2.0-5.0 mm), and medium gravel (5.0-20.0 mm), with a significant coarsening trend observed over the past six years. The mineral composition, dominated by quartz, feldspar, and heavy minerals, is stable, with approximately 70% of the minerals having a hardness of ≥ 7 on the Mohs scale. The most abundant trace elements are Ti, Mn, Ba, P, Sr, Zr, and Cl.DiscussionThis research reveals that the sediment characteristics in the YRSA are markedly different from those of natural sands in non-plateau regions, necessitating a reevaluation of conventional theories and engineering practices for engineering constructions in this area. The insights from this study are profound and practically relevant, illuminating the sediment transport dynamics in alpine river systems and supporting sustainable regional development.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2025.1539477</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2025.1539477</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Geogenic perspectives on potassium dynamics and plant uptake: insights from natural and submerged conditions across different soil types with machine learning predictions]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-01-24T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Saibal Ghosh</author><author>Gourav Mondal</author><author>Shreya Chakraborty</author><author>Sonali Banerjee</author><author>Sumit Kumar</author><author>Riddhi Basu</author><author>Pradip Bhattacharyya</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Four different soil types including red, alluvial, calcareous, and black soils along with rice cultivated on them were collected from various parts of India and analyzed for potassium dynamics in the soil plant continuum. Soil potassium (K) dynamics were studied under submerged and non-submerged conditions, and potassium content was analyzed in rice roots, shoots, and grains, along with other soil properties. Red (S1: 5.9) and alluvial (S5: 5.16) soils were moderately acidic, while black (S8: 8.01) and calcareous (S7: 8.1) soils were alkaline. Black soil (S8) had the highest cation exchange capacity (CEC: 31.25 cmol (p+)/kg) and clay content (41.2%), while alluvial soil had the most organic carbon (S5: 1.74%). Submerged conditions enhanced potassium availability, with red soil showing the highest levels of water-soluble K (WsK), exchangeable K (ExK), and non-exchangeable K (NEK), particularly Step-K and constant rate K (CR-K) forms. Rice potassium content was highest in grains, followed by shoots and roots, with red soil containing the most available potassium. A strong correlation was found between soil potassium forms and rice plant potassium uptake. Sensitivity analysis indicated that WsK and ExK from non-submerged soil to be the most favorable forms for potassium uptake, especially in the rice roots and grains. Machine learning models, particularly Random Forest, accurately predicted potassium availability and uptake, highlighting their potential in optimizing soil fertility and advancing precision agriculture for better crop yields and soil health.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2024.1536797</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2024.1536797</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Editorial: Digital soil mapping using electromagnetic sensors]]></title>
        <pubdate>2024-12-17T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Editorial</category>
        <author>Triven Koganti</author><author>Philippe De Smedt</author><author>Mohammad Farzamian</author><author>Maria Knadel</author><author>John Triantafilis</author><author>Anders Vest Christiansen</author><author>Mogens H. Greve</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2024.1421661</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2024.1421661</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Modeling the electrical conductivity relationship between saturated paste extract and 1:2.5 dilution in different soil textural classes]]></title>
        <pubdate>2024-12-04T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Moh’d M. Omar</author><author>Mawazo J. Shitindi</author><author>Boniface H. J. Massawe</author><author>Ole Pedersen</author><author>Joel L. Meliyo</author><author>Kadeghe G. Fue</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Regression models were developed to estimate the electrical conductivity of saturated paste extract (ECe) from the electrical conductivity of soil-water ratio (EC1:2.5) for different soil textural classes. ECe is a crucial parameter used to indicate the presence, type, and distribution of salinity in soils. However, determining ECe is demanding, time-consuming, requires considerable skill to accurately identify the correct soil saturation point, and is not routinely performed by soil testing laboratories. Many laboratories, instead, commonly measure the electrical conductivity of soil-water extracts at various dilutions, such as EC1:1, EC1:2.5, or EC1:5. In this study, 706 soil samples were collected from depths of 0 - 30 cm across three rice irrigation schemes to determine EC1:2.5, with 50% analyzed for ECe. ECe values were grouped based on soil textural classes. The results showed a strong linear relationship between EC1:2.5 and ECe values, with a high coefficient of determination (R² > 0.95). The Root Mean Square Error values were low (1.4 < RMSE), and the Mean Absolute Error values were similarly low (0.85 < MAE). Therefore, the regression models developed provide a practical means of estimating ECe for various soil textural classes, thereby enhancing soil salinity assessment and management strategies.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2024.1407502</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2024.1407502</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Groundwater fluoride prediction modeling using physicochemical parameters in Punjab, India: a machine-learning approach]]></title>
        <pubdate>2024-07-18T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Anjali Kerketta</author><author>Harmanpreet Singh Kapoor</author><author>Prafulla Kumar Sahoo</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionRising fluoride levels in groundwater resources have become a worldwide concern, presenting a significant challenge to the safe utilization of water resources and posing potential risks to human well-being. Elevated fluoride and its vast spatial variability have been documented across different districts of Punjab, India, and it is, therefore, imperative to predict the fluoride levels for efficient groundwater resources planning and management.MethodsIn this study, five different models, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boosting (Xgboost), Extreme Learning Machine (ELM), and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), are proposed to predict groundwater fluoride using the physicochemical parameters and sampling depth as predictor variables. The performance of these five models was evaluated using the coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean square error (RMSE).Results and discussionELM outperformed the remaining four models, thus exhibiting a strong predictive power. The R2, MAE, and RMSE values for ELM at the training and testing stages were 0.85, 0.46, 0.36 and, 0.95, 0.31, and 0.33, respectively, while other models yielded inferior results. Based on the relative importance scores, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl−), and calcium (Ca2+) contributed significantly to model performance. High variability in the target (fluoride) and predictor variables might have led to the poor performance of the models, implying the need for better data pre-processing techniques to improve data quality. Although ELM showed satisfactory results, it can be considered a promising model for predicting groundwater quality.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2024.1239497</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoil.2024.1239497</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Comparison of multi-coil and multi-frequency frequency domain electromagnetic induction instruments]]></title>
        <pubdate>2024-03-15T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Guillaume Blanchy</author><author>Paul McLachlan</author><author>Benjamin Mary</author><author>Matteo Censini</author><author>Jacopo Boaga</author><author>Giorgio Cassiani</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionCharacterization of the shallow subsurface in mountain catchments is important for understanding hydrological processes and soil formation. The depth to the soil/bedrock interface (e.g., the upper ~5 m) is of particular interest. Frequency domain electromagnetic induction (FDEM) methods are well suited for high productivity characterization for this target as they have short acquisition times and do not require direct coupling with the ground. Although traditionally used for revealing lateral electrical conductivity (EC) patterns, e.g., to produce maps of salinity or water content, FDEM inversion is increasingly used to produce depth-specific models of EC. These quantitative models can be used to inform several depth-specific properties relevant to hydrological modeling (e.g. depths to interfaces and soil water content).Material and methodsThere are a number of commercial FDEM instruments available; this work compares a multi-coil device (i.e., a single-frequency device with multiple receiver coils) and a multi-frequency device (i.e., a single receiver device with multiple frequencies) using the open-source software EMagPy. Firstly, the performance of both devices is assessed using synthetic modeling. Secondly, the analysis is applied to field data from an alpine catchment.ResultsBoth instruments retrieved a similar EC model in the synthetic and field cases. However, the multi-frequency instrument displayed shallower sensitivity patterns when operated above electrically conductive grounds (i.e., 150 mS/m) and therefore had a lower depth of investigation. From synthetic modeling, it also appears that the model convergence for the multi-frequency instrument is more sensitive to noise than the multi-coil instrument.ConclusionDespite these limitations, the multi-frequency instrument is smaller and more portable; consequently, it is easier to deploy in mountainous catchments.]]></description>
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