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        <title>Frontiers in Space Technologies | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/space-technologies</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Frontiers in Space Technologies | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
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        <pubDate>2026-10-18T20:35:56.791+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
        <item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1975023</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1975023</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A casimir piezoelectric drive (CPD) architecture for supplementary MPD propulsion: a concept study]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Hypothesis and Theory</category>
        <author>Neil R. Nagalkar</author><author>Pramod Shukla</author>
        <description><![CDATA[We propose a theoretical propulsion architecture in which the Casimir effect drives a mechanical see-saw oscillator that repeatedly impacts piezoelectric crystals, converting the resulting mechanical energy into electrical current. This harvested current is stored and used to power a magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) thruster for interstellar space propulsion. The see-saw mechanism addresses a fundamental challenge of Casimir-piezoelectric harvesting: the piezoelectric effect requires changing mechanical strain, not static force, to produce continuous current. By alternating the Casimir-driven collapse of opposing plates onto piezoelectric elements, the architecture produces a repeatable cycle of charge generation. Onboard waste heat from the spacecraft’s radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) provides the external energy input via thermal expansion of the see-saw beam, resetting the Casimir gaps after each impact; the Casimir force serves as the closing mechanism rather than the energy source. Temperature additionally serves a regulatory role via thermal corrections to optimize oscillation characteristics. Scaled across a large array of nanoscale Casimir gaps at the aft of the spacecraft, this framework is proposed as a candidate supplementary high-specific-impulse electric propulsion concept for interstellar missions. We outline the theoretical chain, present order-of-magnitude scaling analysis, identify key open questions and scaling constraints, and propose directions for future work. Experimental work has validated that piezoelectric elements can detect and respond to Casimir-scale forces, supporting the physical basis of this architecture. The architecture provides continuous supplementary MPD thrust for the operational lifetime of the onboard reactor without drawing from the primary power budget, limited only by propellant supply.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1899542</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1899542</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A comparison between polyacrylamide and arcillite granules as substrates for space agriculture]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-12T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Nicholas M. Miklave</author><author>Karl H. Hasenstein</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Plant cultivation in space requires substrates that provide sufficient water retention, root system support, and nutrients. Arcillite – a calcined montmorillonite clay product – is currently used in growth chambers on the International Space Station despite significant variability in mineral composition and occasional detrimental effects on seed germination and plant growth. In contrast, hydrogels – which are used as soil amendments in agriculture – can be produced with desired structural and chemical properties. We compared two batches of arcillite and polyacrylamide (PAAM) hydrogel granules by growing and analyzing radishes (Raphanus sativus) and observed significant differences in leaf and bulb biomass, evapotranspiration, and photosystem II efficiency between the two batches of arcillite, with soluble calcium, magnesium, selenium, and sulfur being more abundant in the poorly performing arcillite. There was no difference in leaf and bulb biomass or photosystem II efficiency between PAAM and the arcillite batch without excessive calcium, but radishes grown in PAAM required significantly less water. Our results indicate that PAAM can outperform arcillite in water-limited environments because of reduced evapotranspiration rates, greater uniformity, and comparable yields. Therefore, hydrogels such as PAAM may be beneficial for space plant cultivation.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1967384</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1967384</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Artificial gravity for long-duration human spaceflight: physiological rationale, evidence gaps, risks, and research priorities]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>Marine Briard</author><author>Sarah Baatout</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Long-duration missions beyond low Earth orbit will expose crews to prolonged microgravity during transit and partial gravity on the Moon or Mars. Existing exercise, nutritional, pharmacological, and sensorimotor countermeasures mitigate selected aspects of deconditioning but do not reproduce gravity’s continuous multisystem stimulus. Artificial gravity (AG), generated by rotation, is therefore a promising integrative countermeasure. This structured narrative review evaluates the physiological rationale for AG, evidence from human centrifugation and ground-based analog studies, human-factors and engineering constraints, and priorities for exploration missions. Evidence is strongest for the acute restoration of hydrostatic gradients and cardiovascular loading and is suggestive, although heterogeneous, for preserving orthostatic tolerance, muscle function, and selected sensorimotor outcomes. In the 60-day AGBRESA study (24 participants; eight per group), daily continuous or intermittent centrifugation attenuated the decline in time to presyncope relative to control but did not prevent several autonomic, ocular, balance, or mobility changes. Evidence for durable protection of bone, connective tissues, neuro-ocular health, immunity, endocrine and circadian regulation, cognition, sleep, and behavioural health remains insufficient. Interpretation is limited by small samples, overlapping cohort analyses, heterogeneous exposure geometries and schedules, and reliance on bed-rest analogs rather than in-flight trials. AG should therefore be regarded as a configurable intervention rather than a single countermeasure. Translation requires standardized reporting, adequately powered comparative studies, explicit safety and ethical governance, analyses of sex-related and individual responses, combined AG–exercise protocols, and phased validation from ground-based analogs to orbital demonstrators.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1958668</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1958668</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Sleep and circadian disruption during human spaceflight: mechanisms, operational consequences, and countermeasures]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>Merel Goedegebure</author><author>Sarah Baatout</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Sleep loss and circadian misalignment are recurrent features of human spaceflight and represent an integrated threat to astronaut health, cognition, and operational performance. This narrative review examines the mechanisms that destabilize sleep in space, distinguishes sleep disturbance from clinically diagnosed sleep disorders, evaluates current countermeasures, and identifies priorities for exploration-class missions. Altered light exposure, irregular schedules, high workload, noise, constrained sleeping environments, stress, and possible microgravity-related physiological changes can disrupt coordination between circadian timing and homeostatic sleep pressure. This may result in shortened and fragmented sleep, altered sleep architecture, and insomnia-like symptoms. Evidence from shuttle, International Space Station, and analog missions associates sleep deficiency and circadian misalignment with reduced vigilance, slower psychomotor responses, increased stress, and greater medication use. Timed light, protected sleep opportunities, workload management, environmental control, strategic naps, and carefully selected pharmacological interventions offer complementary benefits, but none is sufficient alone. Long-duration missions will require individualized, multimodal fatigue-risk management integrating validated monitoring, adaptive lighting, autonomous scheduling, and conservative medication protocols. Emerging precision strategies combine wearable physiological biomarkers and research-grade multi-omics profiles with personalized chronotherapy and closed-loop environmental control, although staged validation is required before operational deployment. Key knowledge gaps concern clinically defined sleep disorders, interactions between sleep regulation and other spaceflight hazards, individual and sex-specific responses, and the durability of countermeasures during lunar and Martian missions. Sleep should therefore be treated as a mission-critical system variable rather than solely as an individual medical complaint.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1737502</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1737502</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Culturally familiar foods and mental resilience during long-duration space missions: a narrative review and conceptual framework]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-07T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Abelone Reuse</author><author>Sarah Baatout</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Long-duration space missions expose crews to isolation, confinement, operational workload, disrupted sleep and limited resupply, all of which may affect psychological health and mission performance. This narrative review examines whether, through which pathways and under what operational constraints culturally familiar foods could support astronauts’ mental resilience. Evidence was integrated from spaceflight and space-food research, isolated and confined environments, nutritional psychiatry, the microbiota-gut-brain axis and terrestrial studies of cultural food practices. The literature supports two complementary pathways: biological effects mediated by dietary composition and the microbiota-gut-brain axis, and psychosocial effects mediated by identity, nostalgia, familiarity, agency and social connection. Direct evidence in astronaut populations is currently insufficient; consequently, terrestrial and analogue findings should be interpreted as hypothesis-generating rather than confirmatory. We propose a conceptual framework in which cultural familiarity is treated as a design attribute of space food systems alongside safety, nutritional adequacy, stability, usability, resource efficiency, reliability, variety and palatability. Priority studies should test culturally matched foods in controlled analogues and spaceflight using predefined psychological, dietary, microbiome and team-level outcomes.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1893179</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1893179</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A review of modeling assumptions, uncertainty, and validation limits in the evolution of sub-10 cm orbital debris populations]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-05T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>James H. Kirk</author><author>Cagri Kilic</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The increasing frequency of debris-generation events over the last decade has driven the development of debris environmental and evolutionary models that categorize debris motion and flux in the near-Earth environment. Among these populations, debris smaller than 10 cm represents a disastrous population with mission-ending capabilities and is disproportionately represented in current debris models due to a lack of measurements and tracking data, leading to increased uncertainty and associated risks. Current frameworks differ in their assumptions regarding the generation, evolution, and validation of sub-10 cm orbital debris. Evolutionary and environmental models each rely on distinct assumptions, validation data, and debris-generation physics. These explicit differences contribute to the lack of comparability and increased uncertainty across debris frameworks. Recent cross-model comparisons reveal flux disagreements of roughly a factor of two to three at the centimeter scale, widening to an order of magnitude or more below 1 mm, which underscores the difficulty of characterizing the sub-10 cm regime. Categorizing the differing assumptions will, in turn, identify validation gaps and help correct errors and uncertainties related to sub-10 cm debris prediction and validation.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1894104</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1894104</link>
        <title><![CDATA[No cities on the Moon: a billion tons of water is not enough for sustainability]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-14T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Brief Research Report</category>
        <author>Martin Elvis</author><author>Jonathan C. McDowell</author>
        <description><![CDATA[We show that, with reasonable consumption rate estimates, that (1) power is not a strong constraint on the lunar population but (2) the roughly 1 billion tons of water potentially present in the Permanently Shadowed Regions near the lunar poles is insufficient to support a population of one million using ISS-level (98%) recycling for more than about one century. Unless recycling can be improved by factors of about 10, or a similarly greater water supply is discovered, this result precludes large-scale long-term human habitation of the Moon.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1920649</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1920649</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Human-in-the-loop proof of concept for lunar teleoperation: performance, workload, and neuro-physiological insights from the LUNA Analog Facility]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-03T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Elena Lopez-Contreras</author><author>Lua Delaunoit</author><author>Axel Coulon</author><author>Laure Boyer</author><author>Alexis Paillet</author><author>Raphaëlle N. Roy</author><author>Aidan Cowley</author><author>Vsevolod Peysakhovich</author>
        <description><![CDATA[As lunar missions progress towards a sustained human presence, teleoperated robotic systems will play a critical role in surface exploration, construction, and logistics. Humans will teleoperate systems in diverse settings, ranging from suited astronauts on the lunar surface, to mission control operators on Earth. Each of these contexts presents distinct cognitive and physical challenges to the human operator. This proof-of-concept study examined teleoperation performance, workload, and neuro-physiological responses in two lunar analog operational contexts: a constrained ‘Lunar’ condition in which participants wore full protective equipment under simulated lunar lighting, and an unconstrained ‘Control Center’ condition simulating remote, non-analogue lunar tele-operation. Eighteen participants teleoperated a lunar rover in the LUNA Analog Facility, completing both a flat-ground navigation task and an obstacle course task in a high-fidelity analog environment. Performance was measured via completion time, path length, and steering reversal rate; subjective workload via NASA-TLX scores; and neuro-physiological response via electrocardiography (ECG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Objective performance did not differ significantly between conditions on any metric, based on the 13 of 18 participants for whom complete performance data were available. Subjective workload was consistently and substantially higher in the Lunar condition, particularly during the obstacle course task. Heart rate was elevated in the Lunar condition in the full sample, while heart rate variability showed no significant differences between conditions. Neuro-physiological oxygenation data, available for 8 fNIRS-instrumented participants, showed no significant effect of Condition, Task, or their interaction on either oxy- or deoxyhemoglobin concentration change. Exploratory analyses suggested that the largest observed differences were more consistent with systemic (respiratory and thermoregulatory) confounds than with prefrontal neural activation. These findings emphasize the importance of designing human-robot systems for lunar missions with careful consideration of operator state and environmental constraints, independent of objective task success.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1798391</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1798391</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Integrating life support systems into 3D-printed extra-terrestrial habitat envelopes]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>A. J. Hidding</author><author>H. H. Bier</author><author>F. Alsaggaf</author>
        <description><![CDATA[When designing and constructing habitats on Mars, one of the main challenges is the extreme environment, which lacks a breathable atmosphere and atmospheric pressure, and is characterized by extreme temperature fluctuations and high radiation levels. The habitat is situated within a lava tube, providing natural shielding from radiation, micrometeoroids, and extreme temperature fluctuations. This challenge is addressed in TU Delft’s Rhizome 2.0 project by integrating a Life Support System (LSS) into the envelope of a Martian habitat to maintain the necessary environmental conditions for human survival. The research explores the integration of the LSS into the approximately 1.5-m-thick building envelope that is constructed from prefabricated 3D-printed Voronoi-based components that interlock and are assembled on-site by a swarm of rovers and human assistance where needed. The integration is implemented by structurally analyzing the envelope to generate a point cloud of stress data. Based on the stress concentrations and LSS conduit path lengths, a single objective optimizer determines the shortest routes for the LSS conduits while avoiding high stress concentrations. This results in a structurally optimized building envelope with strategically incorporated branching negative spaces that accommodate the LSS infrastructure.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1887929</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1887929</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Testing of SLUSH ice penetrating probe in Europa, Enceladus, and Mars environments]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-06T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Leo Stolov</author><author>Caleb Lang</author><author>Kris Zacny</author><author>Boleslaw Mellerowicz</author><author>Joseph Palmowski</author><author>Kathryn Bywaters</author><author>Frank Sheeran</author><author>Paul van Susante</author><author>Bethany L. Ehlmann</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Europa and Enceladus conceal global liquid-water oceans beneath ice shells several kilometers thick, and Mars holds thick polar ice deposits that may cover localized layers of liquid water or brine. These subsurface environments are primary targets in the search for past or present life in the solar system. The Search for Life Using Submersible Heated drill (SLUSH) probe is a hybrid, thermo-mechanical probe capable of penetrating through the ice to reach the subsurface liquid water. To improve efficiency and drilling speed, SLUSH combines the two existing methods for traveling through ice: thermal (melting) and mechanical (cutting). “Slushing” uses rotary-percussive drilling to break the ice into chips (the fragmented ice cuttings produced by the drill) and heat to partially melt these chips into a slush, enabling efficient transport behind the probe. A scaled prototype of the SLUSH probe has been developed to compare the three drilling methods (thermal, mechanical, and thermo-mechanical or slushing). Testing was conducted in relevant ambient pressure and vacuum environments using “warm” (260 K) and “cryogenic” (130 K) ice. An analytical thermal model is applied to estimate the idealized performance of a conventional melt probe as an upper-bound baseline, and a conceptual power-balance framework is introduced that decomposes the slushing power requirement into mechanical and thermal contributions relative to this baseline. Initial testing demonstrated the feasibility of the slushing approach across all three environments and identifies key design drivers for future optimization.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1917547</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1917547</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Past, present and future of human reproduction and development in space]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-03T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Marta Ferraz</author><author>Laurensz Moeharram</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This manuscript explores future pathways for human reproduction, development, and adaptation in space, informed by advances in developmental space biology, artificial intelligence, reproductive biotechnology, and cybernetic systems. The challenges associated with reproduction and development under space conditions are examined together with emerging technological pathways designed to overcome these limitations. It is proposed that prenatal and early postnatal developmental stages may constitute critical biological windows for facilitating long-term adaptation to space. Artificial-gravity systems, advanced cybernetic technologies, and genetic interventions are explored as potential mechanisms supporting this process. Such interactions could ultimately transform reproduction and early development into active drivers of human evolution, contributing to the emergence of biologically distinct populations progressively adapted to diverse space environments.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1876220</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1876220</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A multi-level conceptual system dynamics architecture for examining sustainability and resilience in coupled earth–space systems]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-24T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Perspective</category>
        <author>Annahita Nezami</author><author>Frank White</author><author>David Peterson</author><author>Greg Barr</author><author>Stanley Rosen</author><author>Ian A. Crawford</author><author>Kevin Russell</author><author>Elisa R. Ferre</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Human societies are entering a period of converging pressures and emerging capabilities. Environmental degradation, climate change, urbanization, and resource constraints, together with global risks including technological threats, nuclear conflict, and asteroid impacts, are exposing the vulnerability of a civilization concentrated on a single planet. Concurrently, advances in launch systems, robotics, and space infrastructure are expanding the feasibility of large-scale human activity beyond Earth. Research on Large-Scale Space Migration (LSSM), here defined as a system-level process involving the redistribution of populations, resources, and infrastructure across terrestrial and off-world environments within the solar system, remains fragmented across disciplines. This paper proposes an exploratory, multi-level conceptual system dynamics architecture for examining how large-scale human expansion may reshape the dynamics of an Earth–space socioecological system, including both adaptive and maladaptive trajectories. The framework comprises three interacting levels: (i) a Level I material and infrastructure layer encompassing population dynamics, resource systems, environmental processes, economic activity, space infrastructure, and Earth–space flows; (ii) a Level II governance layer representing institutional structures and trade-offs among liberty, equality, and security; and (iii) a Level III psychological and social layer capturing social adaptation and collective response through aggregate variables such as perceived system security, institutional legitimacy, and social cohesion. The Level I material and infrastructure layer has been developed as an initial system dynamics prototype, providing a methodological foundation for Levels II and III, which are proposed as future extensions. The framework is intended to support scenario analysis, hypothesis generation, and staged model development rather than prediction.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1877143</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1877143</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Development of automated biosensor technologies for future biological research beyond low Earth orbit]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Perspective</category>
        <author>Neha Lingam</author><author>Alina Shkurikhina</author><author>Jasmine W. Wu</author><author>Dunya M. Shuman</author><author>Sergio R. Santa Maria</author>
        <description><![CDATA[In light of future crewed missions beyond low Earth orbit (BLEO), it is important to examine the effects of the deep space environment on biology to develop protective countermeasures, likely both technological and biomedical. Importantly, in situ experiments are critical to test these effects to guide the design of life support systems for sustained human presence on the Moon and in deep space. Although many biological experiments have been performed in space since the 1960s, most have occurred for short durations in LEO. These missions have used different technologies to study biological phenomena in a variety of organisms. Given the constraints of the BLEO environment, upcoming missions will be limited to model organisms using miniaturized automated technologies onboard small satellites. The BioSentinel CubeSat, for example, was developed to investigate the response to the deep space radiation environment using budding yeast cells. BioSentinel launched on Artemis I in 2022 and is currently at 95+ million kms from the Earth. On the other hand, the Lunar Explorer Instrument for space biology Applications (LEIA) mission will launch to the lunar surface on a commercial lander in 2027 to investigate the effects on DNA damage and stress response and on biomanufacturing. At the core of both missions are automated high-throughput microfluidic and optical systems. Future missions will use similar instruments to monitor a variety of organisms to perform fundamental and applied research and to explore production of food and countermeasures for human explorers.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1822358</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1822358</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A concept for a European human rated microgravity and partial gravity research and testing facility]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-24T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Perspective</category>
        <author>Simon L. Wuest</author><author>Seraina Braun-Badertscher</author><author>Andreas Gierse</author><author>Mauro Gotsch</author><author>Kilian Schuster</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Currently, the global space sector is undergoing a transformative shift, driven by the increasing involvement of private companies in activities traditionally dominated by governmental space agencies. At the same time, large space agencies are planning pioneering space missions, including lunar bases and human exploration of Mars. This rapid evolution further amplifies the need for advanced microgravity research facilities to address the technological and biomedical challenges to come. In Europe, existing microgravity platforms–specifically drop towers, parabolic flights, sounding rockets, and orbiting spacecraft–provide essential research opportunities, but suffer from limited accessibility, high costs, and low repeatability. Recently, a novel class of microgravity facilities, represented by the GraviTower Bremen Prototype and the Einstein Elevator, have enabled microgravity testing with rapid turnaround, but still with limited microgravity duration. This paper first reviews the currently most frequently used microgravity platforms in Europe. Then we envision an early-stage concept which could become Europe’s next-generation facility: the “Alpine Low Gravity Exploration” (AlpGE) platform. AlpGE could offer highly accessible and flexible microgravity and partial gravity conditions and would also be certified for human participation. The envisioned facility could enable accelerated research and development cycles in biomedical and physical sciences, engineering and space technology, thereby strengthening Europe’s competitiveness in the emerging new space race.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1772629</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1772629</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Neural network surrogates for elliptic Lambert transfers in preliminary mission design]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-19T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Jonah Ekelund</author><author>Stefano Markidis</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Lambert’s problem is a boundary value problem that arises in preliminary mission design, where orbital transfers must be determined given orbital location and a prescribed time-of-flight. The related equations are non-invertible and have traditionally been solved using iterative methods. In this work, we study the bounded one-revolution elliptic Lambert problem and propose a neural-surrogate approach that combines geometry-aware normalization with the prediction of the transfer semi-major axis. The normalization maps transfer instances with geometry-dependent admissible ranges into a common canonical representation, on which a multilayer perceptron (MLP), DeepONet, and Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KAN) are trained and compared. Among the tested models, the MLP achieves the highest predictive accuracy, while the structured architectures provide an alternative view of the normalized solution space. In Earth–Mars and multi-planetary flyby case studies, the surrogates preserve the broad features of the classical solutions and identify promising transfer regions.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1748406</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1748406</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The Outer Space Treaty won’t save us from ourselves]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Opinion</category>
        <author>John Barentine</author><author>Aparna Venkatesan</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1752453</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1752453</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Analytical comparison of physiological parameters in participants during an analog space mission]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Karina Kijak</author><author>Anna Lubkowska</author><author>Piotr Skomro</author><author>Roman Ardan</author><author>Marta Budkowska</author><author>Barbara Gronwald</author><author>Helena Gronwald</author><author>Ewa Stachowska</author><author>Krystiana Kijak</author><author>Leszek Orzechowski</author><author>Agata Mintus</author><author>Danuta Lietz-Kijak</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundLong-duration space missions expose crew members to isolation, confinement, and altered environmental conditions that may affect physiological homeostasis. Terrestrial analog environments provide an opportunity to investigate these effects under controlled conditions. However, data describing short-term physiological responses to isolation remain limited and heterogeneous.ObjectiveThis study aimed to descriptively evaluate changes in selected physiological parameters during a 14-day isolated analog mission conducted at the LunAres Research Station.MethodsA prospective observational study was conducted in 40 healthy adult participants. Body weight, core body temperature, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and peripheral oxygen saturation were measured on Days 1, 7, and 14 of the mission. Data were analyzed descriptively due to the limited sample size and non-normal distribution of several variables. Distribution characteristics were assessed using Q–Q plots.ResultsAcross the observation period, all measured physiological parameters remained within established physiological reference ranges. No consistent temporal trends were observed at the group level. Inter-individual variability was evident for all parameters, particularly for body weight and cardiovascular measures. Distribution analyses demonstrate deviations from normality, supporting the use of descriptive rather than inferential statistical approaches. No clinically relevant adverse physiological changes were identified during the mission.ConclusionShort-term isolation under controlled analog conditions was not associated with clinically significant alterations in basic physiological parameters in healthy adults. The findings highlight substantial inter-individual variability and underscore the importance of cautious interpretation of physiological data derived from analog environments. Future studies should incorporate higher-frequency monitoring, standardized measurement protocols, and additional physiological and psychological markers to better characterize adaptive responses to prolonged isolation.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1824394</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1824394</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Correction: Handover challenges in disaggregated open RAN for LEO Satellites: tradeoff between handover delay and onboard processing]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Correction</category>
        <author>Siva Satya Sri Ganesh Seeram</author><author>Luca Feltrin</author><author>Mustafa Ozger</author><author>Shuai Zhang</author><author>Cicek Cavdar</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1741757</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1741757</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Semi-autonomous exploration of martian and lunar analogues with a legged robot using a Raman-equipped robotic arm and microscopic imager]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-31T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Gabriela Ligeza</author><author>Philip Arm</author><author>Tomaso R. R. Bontognali</author><author>Valentin T. Bickel</author><author>Hendrik Kolvenbach</author><author>Nikolaus J. Kuhn</author><author>Florian Kehl</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Future planetary exploration missions require advanced robotic capabilities to efficiently identify and characterize lithologies, rock textures, and mineralogies for astrobiological investigations and in-situ resource utilization (ISRU). Traditional single-target, human-supervised robot and instrument control methodologies are constrained by operational limitations, particularly on Mars, where long communication delays hinder real-time decision-making. This study explores an alternative semi-autonomous, multi-target exploration strategy using a legged robotic system, which could enable faster, more efficient surface prospecting on the Moon and Mars. To assess this approach, we conducted Martian and lunar analogue missions using the legged robot ANYmal, equipped with a custom-built microscopic imager (MICRO) and a Raman spectrometer (MIRA XTR, Metrohm, Switzerland) mounted on a robotic arm. The primary objectives were to: (1) evaluate the feasibility of semi-autonomous, multi-target sampling, (2) compare it to conventional single-target, human-supervised exploration, and (3) assess the potential of MICRO and Raman spectroscopy in identifying lunar and Martian analogue samples. This study presents a successful demonstration of two distinct operational strategies, emphasizing the potential of multi-target robotic prospection for faster data acquisition in missions where real-time robot piloting is not possible, and the generation of scientifically valuable data for rock sample characterization. Furthermore, it highlights the effectiveness of robotic arm-mounted instruments, such as MICRO and the Raman spectrometer, in supporting astrobiological investigations and resource prospecting missions. The findings provide valuable insights for the development of semi-autonomous, high-efficiency robotic exploration systems, contributing to the advancement of future Mars missions and planetary surface exploration.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1715603</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1715603</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Protective magnetic shielding systems for deep space habitats: safeguarding humans and infrastructure from space weather hazards]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-20T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Perspective</category>
        <author>Onyinye G. Nwankwo</author><author>Joseph N. Pelton</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The establishment of sustainable human habitats on the Moon and Mars is moving from concept to reality through programs such as Artemis and private sector initiatives. Unlike Earth, these bodies lack global magnetospheres and thick atmospheres, leaving surface habitats and infrastructure directly exposed to solar energetic particles (SEPs), coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and galactic cosmic rays (GCRs). These hazards pose acute and chronic risks to crew health, electronics, power systems, and communications. Developing effective protection strategies is therefore essential for long-duration missions. This contribution is written as a perspective article. It synthesizes existing work on radiation hazards, space weather impacts, and protection concepts to show how extreme solar events translate into risks for crew health, electronics, power systems, and radio-based communication and navigation at the Moon and Mars. Numerical values and modeling examples are included only to illustrate scaling and physical pathways, not as event specific predictions or design benchmarks. Within this context, the article discusses three complementary mitigation strategies. Localized artificial magnetic shielding based on high temperature superconducting coils may help deflect energetic protons, although power and thermal requirements remain major design challenges. Regolith based and subsurface shielding provides more immediately feasible options, with prior studies indicating that meter scale overburden can substantially reduce solar energetic particle doses. Predictive modeling and operational planning, including autonomous response protocols and probabilistic space weather forecasting, are equally important for enabling timely protective actions when warning times are short. These elements point toward a layered defense architecture for future lunar and Martian infrastructure. Effective deployment will depend on international standards, cooperative governance, and continued development of autonomous systems. As humanity transitions from short-term exploration to long-term habitation, radiation protection must shift from being supplementary to a central design principle for off world habitats and critical systems.]]></description>
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