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        <title>Frontiers in Space Technologies | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/space-technologies</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Frontiers in Space Technologies | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
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        <pubDate>2026-04-05T03:08:37.662+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
        <item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1741757</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1741757</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Semi-autonomous exploration of martian and lunar analogues with a legged robot using a Raman-equipped robotic arm and microscopic imager]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-31T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Gabriela Ligeza</author><author>Philip Arm</author><author>Tomaso R. R. Bontognali</author><author>Valentin T. Bickel</author><author>Hendrik Kolvenbach</author><author>Nikolaus J. Kuhn</author><author>Florian Kehl</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Future planetary exploration missions require advanced robotic capabilities to efficiently identify and characterize lithologies, rock textures, and mineralogies for astrobiological investigations and in-situ resource utilization (ISRU). Traditional single-target, human-supervised robot and instrument control methodologies are constrained by operational limitations, particularly on Mars, where long communication delays hinder real-time decision-making. This study explores an alternative semi-autonomous, multi-target exploration strategy using a legged robotic system, which could enable faster, more efficient surface prospecting on the Moon and Mars. To assess this approach, we conducted Martian and lunar analogue missions using the legged robot ANYmal, equipped with a custom-built microscopic imager (MICRO) and a Raman spectrometer (MIRA XTR, Metrohm, Switzerland) mounted on a robotic arm. The primary objectives were to: (1) evaluate the feasibility of semi-autonomous, multi-target sampling, (2) compare it to conventional single-target, human-supervised exploration, and (3) assess the potential of MICRO and Raman spectroscopy in identifying lunar and Martian analogue samples. This study presents a successful demonstration of two distinct operational strategies, emphasizing the potential of multi-target robotic prospection for faster data acquisition in missions where real-time robot piloting is not possible, and the generation of scientifically valuable data for rock sample characterization. Furthermore, it highlights the effectiveness of robotic arm-mounted instruments, such as MICRO and the Raman spectrometer, in supporting astrobiological investigations and resource prospecting missions. The findings provide valuable insights for the development of semi-autonomous, high-efficiency robotic exploration systems, contributing to the advancement of future Mars missions and planetary surface exploration.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1715603</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1715603</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Protective magnetic shielding systems for deep space habitats: safeguarding humans and infrastructure from space weather hazards]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-20T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Perspective</category>
        <author>Onyinye G. Nwankwo</author><author>Joseph N. Pelton</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The establishment of sustainable human habitats on the Moon and Mars is moving from concept to reality through programs such as Artemis and private sector initiatives. Unlike Earth, these bodies lack global magnetospheres and thick atmospheres, leaving surface habitats and infrastructure directly exposed to solar energetic particles (SEPs), coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and galactic cosmic rays (GCRs). These hazards pose acute and chronic risks to crew health, electronics, power systems, and communications. Developing effective protection strategies is therefore essential for long-duration missions. This contribution is written as a perspective article. It synthesizes existing work on radiation hazards, space weather impacts, and protection concepts to show how extreme solar events translate into risks for crew health, electronics, power systems, and radio-based communication and navigation at the Moon and Mars. Numerical values and modeling examples are included only to illustrate scaling and physical pathways, not as event specific predictions or design benchmarks. Within this context, the article discusses three complementary mitigation strategies. Localized artificial magnetic shielding based on high temperature superconducting coils may help deflect energetic protons, although power and thermal requirements remain major design challenges. Regolith based and subsurface shielding provides more immediately feasible options, with prior studies indicating that meter scale overburden can substantially reduce solar energetic particle doses. Predictive modeling and operational planning, including autonomous response protocols and probabilistic space weather forecasting, are equally important for enabling timely protective actions when warning times are short. These elements point toward a layered defense architecture for future lunar and Martian infrastructure. Effective deployment will depend on international standards, cooperative governance, and continued development of autonomous systems. As humanity transitions from short-term exploration to long-term habitation, radiation protection must shift from being supplementary to a central design principle for off world habitats and critical systems.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1791484</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1791484</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Beneficial microbes mitigate molecular stress responses and accelerate developmental pathways in host animals during spaceflight]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-18T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Eric J. Koch</author><author>Ana Conesa</author><author>Timothy J. Garrett</author><author>Rachel Ormsby</author><author>Ryan Bohl</author><author>David W. Reed</author><author>Jamie S. Foster</author>
        <description><![CDATA[As humans continue the manned exploration of space, it is critical to understand the impact of this harsh environment on the beneficial microbes that interact with their bodies. Here, we explore whether the onset of symbiotic associations between microbes and animals are impacted during spaceflight. We used the association between the bobtail squid Euprymna scolopes and its beneficial bacterium Vibrio fischeri as an animal model system to examine how spaceflight affects symbiotic interactions at the transcriptomic, metabolomic, and lipidomic levels over time. Our results suggest that in the spaceflight environment, symbiotic microbes can mitigate molecular stress responses of the host animal and accelerate normal developmental pathways, such as neurogenesis and tissue morphogenesis. Overall, this work provides evidence that beneficial microbes can effectively colonize nascent host epithelial tissues in microgravity and play a critical role in shaping the host tissue environment to promote stability of symbiosis during spaceflight.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1777020</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1777020</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Conceptualizing thresholds for effective active debris removal in Low Earth Orbit]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-02-25T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Brief Research Report</category>
        <author>Sofia Yang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The rapid growth of orbital debris in the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) poses an escalating risk to space operations, with existing mitigation proving insufficient to prevent long-term instability. This study models debris population dynamics in the 500–600 km LEO under current FCC 5-year deorbit rules and varying levels of Active Debris Removal (ADR). Using publicly available orbital catalogs and a collision-risk proxy based on object density, cross-section, and relative velocity, simulations depict debris growth and collision risk trajectories under a 30-year period and various scenarios. Results indicate that removal of ∼60 large objects (>10 cm) per year is the threshold at which debris growth becomes negative and collision risk declines. This value is scenario-dependent and is presented as an illustrative threshold under controlled assumptions rather than a robust or universal quantitative value. The primary contribution of this study is to demonstrate the existence of a minimum viable ADR regime, which can provide conceptual guidance for debris mitigation policy.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2025.1692554</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2025.1692554</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The database of peptide medications for human deep-space missions demonstrates the potential for on-demand “Astropharmacy”]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-02-24T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Rebecca C. Blum</author><author>Dorra Omrani</author><author>Alina Kunitskaya</author><author>Jessica E. Snyder</author><author>Cynthia Bui</author><author>Philip M. Williams</author><author>David J. Loftus</author><author>Lynn J. Rothschild</author>
        <description><![CDATA[With the advent of long-duration lunar and Martian space missions, health risks will increase significantly as astronauts will be exposed to prolonged periods of reduced gravity, elevated radiation levels, celestial dust, and isolated environments that may interfere with psychological health and sleep. Astronauts will increasingly rely on pharmaceutical intervention to mitigate these health risks, particularly drugs targeted to treat spaceflight-induced medical conditions such as bone loss, cytopenias, and other degenerative conditions secondary to radiation exposure and immune system dysfunction. Many of these are biologic drugs, and peptide and protein pharmaceuticals are particularly unstable, with limited shelf life (∼6 months) even with refrigeration, which is inadequate for a 2+-year mission to Mars and back. In addition to reduced drug stability in space, there are mass/volume constraints, uncertainty regarding how much—if any—of the drugs will be needed, and severely limited re-supply opportunities. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has identified the need to establish a drug formulary for long-duration space missions, along with a process to ensure that medications remain efficacious during flight. To address these challenges, we aim to develop an “Astropharmacy,” a compact platform that uses engineered microbes to produce small doses of biologics on demand, either in transit or at space destinations that may be far from Earth. To assess the potential for this Astropharmacy, we have compiled a database of peptide and protein drugs that may be needed to mitigate the health risks during long-duration missions to the Moon and Mars that are well-suited for production by the Astropharmacy system. The compiled database acts as a guide for drugs that could be produced using the Astropharmacy system. Importantly, the database can also serve as a valuable resource for flight surgeons and the medical community on Earth, particularly those providing care in resource-limited environments, along with researchers studying biologic drug development.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1751787</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1751787</link>
        <title><![CDATA[In-Situ resource utilization-derived iron perchlorate redox flow battery for Mars: electrolyte characterization and extreme cold performance validation]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-02-18T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Chris Z. Liu</author><author>Kaiyue Deng</author><author>Kelvin Fu</author><author>Hansan Liu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Sustained habitation on Mars demands robust energy storage systems capable of reliable operation under extreme cold, especially during night and dust storm periods that render conventional lithium-ion batteries ineffective. This work introduces an in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) strategy for constructing iron perchlorate redox flow batteries, fully leveraging Martian-available materials to achieve extreme cold resilience. Eutectic freezing points and ionic conductivities of three Martain-available electrolytes (iron sulfate, iron chloride, and iron perchlorate) were systematically characterized. Iron perchlorate aqueous solution at 45 wt% displayed a eutectic freezing point of −78 °C, outperforming iron chloride (−55 °C) and iron sulfate (−10 °C). Laboratory-scale single cells were developed via computer-aided design and 3D printing, then tested under simulated Martian low-temperature conditions. The iron perchlorate system maintained 56% of its room-temperature capacity at −50 °C and remained operational at −70 °C, while iron chloride cells retained only 25% at −50 °C and lost functionality at lower temperatures. Electrochemical impedance measurements revealed that, although electrolyte resistance increases at lower temperature, charge transfer resistance becomes the dominant limiting factor under extreme cold. The results establish that ISRU-derived iron perchlorate flow batteries offer a feasible, cold-resilient solution for reliable energy storage in future Mars surface operations and settlement, with further performance gains likely through advanced perchlorate brine formulation.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1736627</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2026.1736627</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Aerospace health: a systematic review and current state of science]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-01-29T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Michael Joseph Dino</author><author>Chloe Margalaux Villafuerte</author><author>Justin Pimentel</author><author>Jerald Sayat</author><author>Joseph Carlo Vital</author><author>Danny Hernandez</author><author>Ladda Thiamwong</author><author>Veronica Decker</author><author>Mona Shattell</author><author>Luis Ezra Cruz</author><author>Mary Leoncio</author><author>Joshua Rejs Reyes</author><author>Reylan David</author><author>Jose Arnel Manalili</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionThe frontier of aerospace health integrates medicine, technology, psychology, and related disciplines. The field has evolved from its earlier emphasis on maintaining crew survival beyond Earth’s atmosphere to addressing the fundamental challenge of sustainable human space habitation. Despite the growing body of literature in aerospace health, a gap persists due to an overconcentration on synthesis studies with limited empirical validation and insufficient attention to higher-order human health needs, including psychosocial aspects. By examining existing literature, this systematic review aims to present the current landscape of aerospace health research and its future directions.MethodsThe research paper adopted an integrative review framework developed by Whittemore et al. (Journal of Advanced Nursing, 2005, 52(5), 546–553), comprising five stages: problem identification, literature search, data evaluation, data analysis, and data presentation.Results and DiscussionThe Results and Discussion are organized into three sections that reflect the study’s objectives: (1) to focus on bibliometric patterns of the field, (2) to demonstrate study purposes and health-related outcomes, and (3) to conduct keyword network analysis and thematic linkages among the included articles. Findings indicate that most studies reviewed in aerospace health involve multiple authors, show a notable increase after the COVID‐19 pandemic, and are primarily concentrated in the Americas. The results can be attributed to the multidisciplinary nature of the aerospace industry, the post-pandemic expansion of space activities, and the dominance of U.S.-led space initiatives. In addition, article purpose and outcomes demonstrate eight themes identified across all articles, covered under: (1) Physiology and Health Risks, (2) Psychology and Behavior, (3) Pharmaceuticals and Interventions, (4) Product and Technology, (5) Profession and Training, (6) Process and Procedures, (7) Place and Environment, and (8) Policy and Strategy. Keywords and network analysis, on the other hand, determine six themes, namely: (1) Health Ecosystem, (2) Health Examination, (3) Health Education, (4) Health Engineering, (5) Health Estimation, and (6) Health Evidence.ConclusionUltimately, the review presents a Torus Model and thematic analyses that map the current landscape of aerospace health research and provide insights for future directions of the field.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.osf.io/97u8f]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2025.1723792</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2025.1723792</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Is space a Global Common? - How declining international acceptance of the commons narrative applied to space limits its utility in the development of global space governance]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-01-12T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Perspective</category>
        <author>Peter Martinez</author><author>Christopher D. Johnson</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The notion of space as some sort of global common has been around since before the dawn of the Space Age and this notion has continued to be asserted by various commentators from time to time, most recently often in the context of space resource utilization. But, is space really a “global common” that “belongs” to all of humanity? This article discusses the concept of global commons as traditionally defined, understood, and applied on Earth. Then we review the evolution of commons-type language in multilateral documents and transpose the concept of the commons to the space domain, arguing that, while the freedom to engage in the activity of access and use outer space is a right held by all states under international space law, the domains of space themselves are not global commons or other such social constructs. Indeed, such constructs are mutable and not always correlated with peaceful, sustainable or prosperous uses of shared resources across history.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2025.1690460</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2025.1690460</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Space debris material sourcing for in-space manufacturing: a quantitative evaluation framework]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-01-09T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Madeline Lenkart</author><author>Stephan Biller</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The increasing accumulation of space debris presents significant challenges to sustainable space exploration while offering opportunities for material reuse through in-space manufacturing. This research presents a framework for deriving the comprehensive value associated with using the growing space debris population as a material sourcing option for future in-space manufacturing. The growth rate of the space debris population in low Earth orbit is derived using a material flow analysis for future launch rate estimates up to the year 2050. Using these estimates, a total value calculation for space debris material sourcing is determined by considering the value associated with space debris’s material market value, transportation cost reduction, and object removal risk reduction. The results of this framework indicate that cost savings from reduced material transportation to space are the most significant driver for overall space debris value, significantly outweighing the contributions of material and risk reduction value. As more data become available regarding in-space manufacturing capabilities, this framework provides insights regarding the composition of space debris value and assesses the economic viability of space debris reuse.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2025.1725449</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2025.1725449</link>
        <title><![CDATA[From molecules to minds – an integrative framework for living in space]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-01-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Perspective</category>
        <author>Susan Ip-Jewell</author><author>Raj K. Badhan</author><author>Emmy Jewell</author><author>Surabhi Sonawane</author><author>Madhumitha Srenivasan</author>
        <description><![CDATA[As humanity transitions from episodic exploration to sustained habitation beyond low Earth orbit, the long-term viability of human life in space has become a critical scientific challenge. Survival in extraterrestrial environments requires more than engineering solutions; it demands an integrative approach that addresses molecular stability, physiological regulation, psychological adaptation, and ethical governance. This perspective proposes a unified framework that combines space medicine, multi-omics science, behavioral health, and agentic artificial intelligence to meet the complex demands of long-duration missions. Human heterogeneity, sex-specific physiology, epigenetic plasticity, and the operational boundaries of AI are examined alongside the distinction between adult astronaut adaptation and the unresolved biological risks of multi-generational colonization. By situating technological advancement within a human-centered, ethically governed paradigm, this framework offers a structured roadmap for a sustainable human presence beyond Earth.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2025.1725575</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2025.1725575</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Enabling living in space through modern innovations in space medicine: a perspective on tissue-on-a-chip technology ]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-01-06T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Perspective</category>
        <author>Subhajit Hazra</author><author>Sibsankar Palit</author><author>Thais Russomano</author><author>Gaurab Ghosh</author><author>Polash Sannigrahi</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Human spaceflight has evolved from the short missions of the 1960s to more recent, longer-term missions, such as those aboard the International Space Station (ISS) and future missions to the Moon and Mars. These missions have provided valuable insights into the effects of space-based phenomena, such as microgravity, radiation, and isolation, on human physiology. Studies have shown that microgravity causes rapid muscle atrophy (up to 20% in 1–2 weeks) and bone density loss (1%–1.5% per month), and radiation exposure leads to DNA damage, oxidative stress, and immune suppression. Moreover, immune system dysregulation, evidenced by the reactivation of latent viruses like Epstein-Barr and cytomegalovirus, poses significant health risks. Recent advancements in Tissue-on-a-Chip (ToC) technology offer a promising approach to model immune responses in space, enabling real-time monitoring and testing of countermeasures. Ongoing studies, such as the Tissue Chips in Space Initiative, aim to investigate immune responses under microgravity, focusing on the differentiation of immune cells and the effects of space stressors on immune function. These innovations, including wearable biosensors, are paving the way for a personalized approach to astronaut health monitoring due to their potential applications in both space missions and terrestrial healthcare. Future research must address the scalability, cost-effectiveness, and regulatory standards of ToC technology to ensure its integration in long-duration space missions.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2025.1701442</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2025.1701442</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Building beyond earth: a roadmap for human-robot collaboration and workforce development in extraterrestrial construction]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-12-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Perspective</category>
        <author>Amirhosein Jafari</author><author>Carlos E. Gary-Bicas</author><author>Yufeng Qian</author><author>Andrew M. Webb</author><author>Yimin Zhu</author><author>Jason Jamerson</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Creating sustainable habitats on the Moon and Mars requires converging advances in construction technologies, human-robot collaboration (HRC), and workforce development. This paper synthesizes insights from a transdisciplinary workshop that focuses on three main themes: (1) trust-calibrated HRC systems for latency-laden and safety-critical tasks; (2) construction technology for extraterrestrial applications, for example, those challenges of dust mitigation, in-situ resource utilization (ISRU), and planetary protection; and (3) immersive and AI-assisted training that incorporates the necessary knowledge, skills, and abilities for the future-ready workforce. Participants involved in this transdisciplinary workshop identified regolith-based additive manufacturing, high-fidelity HRC testbeds, adaptive extended-reality (XR) training, and modular energy opportunities as near-term priorities. This study presents a converging roadmap that focuses on a series of prioritized, scalable steps over 1–15 years, incorporating technology, human, and ethical considerations to inform endeavors like the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Artemis Program and the European Space Agency (ESA) Moon Village concept. The framework positions extraterrestrial construction as a socio-technical endeavor by providing actionable steps toward sustainable extraterrestrial habitation.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2025.1705650</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2025.1705650</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The role of early human development and multidimensional enhancements in driving space adaptation and Universal Cognition]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-11-07T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Perspective</category>
        <author>Marta Ferraz</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This manuscript provides a glimpse into the future of early human development in space environments, underpinned by interdisciplinary research and technological advancements. The implications of early human development in space are analyzed, exploring potential scenarios that could enhance human biology to adapt effectively to these conditions. It is proposed that the initial phases of human development might serve as an optimal period for fostering biological adaptation to space. Such adaptations could pave the way for the emergence of new evolutionary states, establishing the groundwork for a novel human subspecies. The potential for these emerging subspecies to develop the ability to perceive diverse environmental properties hints at a groundbreaking biological era designated here as Universal Cognition.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2025.1651978</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2025.1651978</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Spirulina supported plant growth in regolith simulants and elevated levels of CO2]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-11-03T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Kristen A. Miller</author><author>Dennis Terry Trevino</author><author>Gilbert Cauthorn</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionA key element for sustainable off-world habitation is the ability to grow food through in-situ resource utilization (ISRU). Growth substrates are required to overcome the challenges of ISRU in the space environment, including the use of regolith. Biofertilizers such as algae are a promising avenue for supporting plant growth with ISRU; algae can potentially mitigate the lack of nutrients, alkalinity, heavy-metal contamination, poor water-carrying capacity, and presence of perchlorates in regolith as well as increase plant growth at elevated levels of atmospheric CO2. The blue-green cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis is an ionizing radiation resistant strain with high temperature tolerance and nutritional properties. It has been used successfully as a bio-fertilizer in heavy metal contaminated, highly alkaline terrestrial soilsMethodsOur research is a large-scale investigation of the efficacy of spirulina to enhance the growth of Raphanus sativus (Organic Daikon radish) microgreens using lunar and Martian regolith simulants. We present a study of growth for a wide range of regolith simulant-soil mixtures as a function of fertilizer concentration and the level of environmental CO2.ResultsSpirulina boosts growth for radish microgreens significantly; Martian regolith simulant with 0.6% spirulina under elevated CO2 yielded the best results. Water-only groups declined after the initial growth phase; spirulina fertilized groups maintained steady growth rates over the full growing period. Regolith simulant type influenced biomass more than height, with the best growth found in Martian rather than lunar regolith simulant. No difference was found between the different regolith simulant-to-soil mixtures.DiscussionThis research advances the application of ISRU to enhance self-sufficient, sustainable space exploration and resource use. In this research, spirulina fertilization compensated for the non-nutritive properties of regolith, supporting plant growth without the addition of terrestrial soils. This work suggests that spirulina can serve as an effective biofertilizer in soil farming practices using ISRU as a potential means of supporting off-world habitation.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2025.1704391</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2025.1704391</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Biological impacts of hypomagnetic fields in space environment: implications for artificial magnetic field provision in long-duration spaceflight]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-10-31T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>Nhat Dang</author><author>Jason Keller</author><author>Frank Barnes</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Life on Earth evolved and exists within the geomagnetic field which currently ranges from approximately 25–65 µT. Voyages beyond Earth’s magnetosphere expose astronauts to the unique conditions of deep space, characterized by significantly reduced magnetic fields ranging from 2 to 8 nT. This review examines the growing body of evidence concerning the biological impacts of hypomagnetic and altered magnetic fields on humans and other organisms, highlighting the implications for long-duration spaceflight and space mission. Research using human cell cultures and mammalian models indicates that exposure to varying magnetic field conditions, including hypomagnetic fields (HMF), can induce diverse biological effects. These include changes in cellular proliferation, nervous system function, oxidative stress reactive oxygen species levels, and DNA integrity, with outcomes often dependent on specific field intensity, frequency, and length of exposures. Furthermore, HMF exposure has been shown to affect bacterial behavior and the human microbiome, potentially altering antibiotic resistance and increasing risks of infection, given the compromised immune function astronauts may experience in space. Considering these biological impacts on the wellbeing of astronauts on long-term space mission, providing artificial magnetic fields onboard spacecraft is proposed as a critical strategy to mitigate HMF effects, support astronaut health, and enhance the feasibility and safety of future deep space missions.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2025.1675939</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2025.1675939</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Magnetic shielding systems to support longer-term human exploration of Mars]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-10-28T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Perspective</category>
        <author>Joseph N. Pelton</author><author>James Green</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Space activities are primarily conducted for three purposes: scientific research, human space exploration, and space applications. Over the past few decades, commercial space applications have expanded rapidly and now significantly outpace the efforts of space agencies. Agencies such as NASA have largely shifted their focus away from operational applications, leaving this domain to private enterprise. An emerging domain is the integration of scientific research, exploration, and applications: human space development and cosmic defense. This concept includes initiatives such as mitigating space debris, advancing bio-regenerative life support systems for both Earth and space, and enabling infrastructure for future deep space human settlement and enterprise. This article makes the case for an international coalition of space agencies to spearhead this forward-looking effort aimed at altering the Martian environment to support human life. A core feature of this vision involves developing an artificial magnetosphere. This technology would not only support terraforming efforts but could also lead to the establishment of large-scale human colonies on Mars. The concept extends beyond Mars. If successful, magnetic shielding could also be applied to Earth to mitigate catastrophic solar storms or address the long-term degradation of Earth’s geomagnetic field. These activities could yield critical insights into preserving our biosphere and ensuring the future safety of life on Earth. Three broad scenarios are presented to support human life on Mars. Together, they represent a new, integrative approach to space agency missions, one that supports human expansion into deep space and potentially even the revival of Mars as a living world.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2025.1664300</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2025.1664300</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The impact of US-China strategic competition on the idea of space as a “global commons”]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-10-20T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Brief Research Report</category>
        <author>Carla P. Freeman</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This article examines how US-China’s strategic competition is transforming the conceptualization of outer space as a “global commons.” While the global commons framework for space governance emerged from Cold War-era agreements emphasizing universal access, freedom of exploration and non-appropriation of outer space, contemporary geopolitical rivalry has fundamentally altered how the world’s leading space powers interpret and apply this concept. The analysis traces the historical evolution of space as a global commons from the 1967 Outer Space Treaty through recent policy shifts by Beijing and Washington. The research documents a striking reversal: the United States, once a champion of characterizing space as a global commons, rejected this characterization in 2020. Conversely, China, which once rejected global commons terminology, now uses it to describe outer space. These competing approaches are crystallizing in rival lunar development programs, with the US-led Artemis initiative confronting the China-Russia International Lunar Research Station. The findings demonstrate how great power rivalry has upended the traditional normative frameworks countries have used to determine their policy for space.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2025.1652557</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2025.1652557</link>
        <title><![CDATA[NASA leadership: utilizing awe-narratives to enhance wellbeing]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-10-15T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Jeff Thompson</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The wellbeing of astronauts on long-duration space missions is critical to current and future mission success. It is equally important that those who support astronauts, pre-mission, during the mission, and post-mission, are thriving as well. Therefore, this interpretative phenomenological analysis study examines how a selection of NASA leaders perceive a phenomenon, awe, along with related resilience practices, as supporting their wellbeing in both their professional work and personal lives. The results reveal that awe-narrative interviews can support them professionally while also enhancing their overall wellbeing. Awe narratives have the ability to serve as a gateway to other resilience practices, including cognitive reappraisal, finding meaning and purpose in life, gratitude, hope and optimism, and social connectedness. These results suggest the awe narrative-based interventions can offer both an evidence-based and practical way to benefit NASA personnel, as well as other professionals working in high-pressure and stressful environments.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2025.1677693</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2025.1677693</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Industrializing the Earth–Moon system: a conceptual study for a space factory at Lagrange point L5]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-10-02T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Perspective</category>
        <author>Werner Grandl</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The utilization of the natural resources of our Moon and the near-earth asteroids (NEAs) for the benefit of humankind will need industrial plants in space. There are a number of possible locations for the deep-space processing of extracted space-based materials and future industrial activities in cis-lunar space. Prime among these are the Moon itself and the Earth’s five Lagrange points which provide equilibrium between the gravity forces of the Earth and Moon. Especially in Lagrange points L4 and L5, objects remain in stable positions because of the triangle between the object, Earth, and Moon. Building the first space factory in L5, for example, will enable the processing of material and production of goods in zero gravity. Unlike on Earth or the Moon, solar power would be available for 24 h. The industrialisation of cis-lunar space will start with the mining of our Moon. The Lagrange Space Factory (LSF) would start with the processing of lunar material and extract aluminum, iron, titanium, and other materials from lunar regolith. When the metals are extracted from oxides, oxygen is a byproduct. An additional source for material would be the recycling of orbital debris to clean up Earth’s orbit. In the long run, the LSF would also process NEA material, including gold, platinum, and carbon. C-type (carbonaceous) asteroids also contain water ice and organic molecules. The goal would be to produce building material like steel bars and aluminum panels, tubes, and bricks for future space habitats. Oxygen and space-made propellant could also be produced. The isotope helium-3 is abundant on the Moon and can be used for future nuclear fusion in space and on Earth.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2025.1679127</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2025.1679127</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The monetisation of space]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-09-26T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Perspective</category>
        <author>Armen V. Papazian</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The defining obstacle to our expansion into outer space is not technological, but conceptual. While our engineering ingenuity has already enabled extraordinary feats — from lunar landings to Martian rovers and artificial intelligence—our financial and monetary economics remain shackled to inadequate assumptions that prohibit the sustainable expansion of our footprint in outer space and drag us ever closer to the edge of an ecological catastrophe on Earth. Today, neither billionaires, corporations, nor governments are able to fund our multi-planetary or multi-habitat future. I argue that our expansion into outer space requires a fundamental rethink of our financial value framework, mathematics, and monetary architecture. To unlock the massive investments needed for outer space development and settlement, we must first integrate space as a foundational dimension of value in finance—heretofore built around risk and calendar time. The introduction of space as an analytical dimension in finance is a first step that leads to a new principle of value, the Space Value of Money (SVoM), which, in turn, triggers a profound change in our mathematics and architecture. These transformations make the monetisation of space possible, i.e., the creation of money based on space value creation. The monetisation of space is translated into systemic change through the introduction of new financial instruments designed for central bank purchase. Public Capitalisation Notes (PCNs) are proposed as a viable alternative that can help fund our sustainable multi-planetary future.]]></description>
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