According to Pews Research Center, 85% of U.S. adults own a smartphone. This presents a ripe opportunity for remote health monitoring providing the data are sufficiently accurate. Kuntapun et al. demonstrated that smartphones are reliable and valid for measuring gait variables (walking speed, step length, step time, and cadence) in young and old able-bodied adults either when placed in a shoulder bag or attached to the lumbar spine, and for measuring center of mass displacement with lumbar spine placement. Frechette et al. validated the use of a chest-affixed smartphone to measure postural control in wheelchair users during standard clinical tests and pilot-tested its ability to identify those with impaired postural control, indicating the potential of conducting assessments remotely in a patient's home environment. Stone et al. tested the validity of an iPhone camera paired with commercially available smartphone applications to measure heart rate and heart rate variability in young healthy adults.

Some studies utilized consumer-grade wearables such as a FitBit (Andreasen et al.) to estimate their outcome variables. However, many still prefer to develop and/or apply their own custom algorithms to the raw data to allow for increased flexibility and complexity of data analyses, as well as algorithm transparency. This also allows for algorithms to be easily translated for use across different devices with similar specifications. Stone et al. investigated the validities of commercial devices and associated platforms to measure heart rate with results of varying accuracies. These findings reinforce the importance of evaluating device validity before use in real-world applications, especially as most commercial devices have proprietary steps in their data analyses. This is particularly needed for special populations as increased measurement errors have frequently been reported for individuals with decreased or altered physical function (Dijkstra et al., 2008).

Most studies in this collection utilized acceleration data to derive their outcome measures and demonstrated the wide range of potential use of accelerometer-based sensors. Variables such as sedentary behavior, physical activity (active time, step counts, and walking speed), physical function, postural control, and balance can be assessed to determine health status and upper and lower body function in both young and old adults whether they are able-bodied, manual wheelchair users, or those of limited physical function status.

This Topic's articles have enhanced our knowledge on the capabilities of wearables to measure physical function and heart rate in adults of all ages during their daily lives. Novel uses of existing technologies have been evaluated and new approaches to analyzing physical function in daily life have been presented. However, much work is still needed for the effective usage of wearables for remote health management.

While some investigations involve the use of wearables in the real-world setting, the majority focus on validating existing and new movement parameters, particularly in the laboratory setting. Increasing evidence demonstrates mobility differences between laboratory and real-world settings (Warmerdam et al., 2020). However, further investigations into these differences and their implications in terms of both validation and utility in evaluations of deficits will be key for successful translation from research to practice. Therefore, we encourage future studies on validation and application of wearables in both settings and their ability to assess and predict clinical health outcomes. For remote monitoring to be effectively useful for disease management through early prevention and identification strategies as well as the reduction of healthcare costs, clinic visits, and hospitalizations, the integration of remote monitoring into clinical standards of care is of critical importance and by no means a small challenge.

The study cohorts investigated in this collection ranged from young (Kuntapun et al.; Baroudi et al.; Stone et al.) to older adults and included manual wheelchair users (Frechette et al.; Goodwin et al.), stroke survivors (Andreasen et al.), total knee arthroplasty patients (Youn et al.), and women with low bone mineral density (Chopra et al.). It is crucial that future research continues to expand on including a wide range of populations to address health disparities, particularly those resulting from racial/ethnic, sex and gender, disability, and socio-economic-based differences. Another area of vital importance that needs additional work is the usability of wearables for target populations.

From the work presented here, it remains uncertain whether these wearable devices can be used as preventative or interventional tools to improve or maintain the long-term physical health of aging adults. However, the use of wearables with feedback has been shown to elicit improvements in physical activity and function at least in the short-term (Brickwood et al., 2019). With the rapidly expanding improvements in wearable technology, especially with smartwatches and ear-worn devices, leading to increased long-term daily usage, the potential to include lifelong objective physical activity profiles will significantly increase the power of these devices to predict adverse health events and outcomes for individuals. Interest in wearables and remote monitoring will continue to grow, as will sensor innovations, accuracies, and miniaturization. We are excited to see how future novel developments and applications in this field will transform healthcare.

EF, JRC, and JJS wrote and edited the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

This publication was supported by the National Institute of Aging and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under Grant Numbers U54 AG44170, K12 HD065987, and UL1 TR002377, in addition to the Mayo Clinic Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery.

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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