AUTHOR=Chaves Talisson Santos , da Silva Deivid Gomes , Lixandrão Manoel Emílio , Libardi Cleiton Augusto 

TITLE=Within-individual design for assessing true individual responses in resistance training-induced muscle hypertrophy

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Sports and Active Living

VOLUME=Volume 7 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sports-and-active-living/articles/10.3389/fspor.2025.1517190

DOI=10.3389/fspor.2025.1517190

ISSN=2624-9367

ABSTRACT=Understanding interindividual variability in muscle hypertrophy in response to resistance training (RT) is a key focus of contemporary research. Common aims include identifying determinants of variability and recognizing individuals who do not respond to RT (i.e., non-responders). However, accurately identifying true individual responses (TIR) remains challenging due to the complex nature of muscle hypertrophy assessments. This complexity arises from distinguishing the TIR from natural variation in muscle mass over time and random measurement error in pre- and postintervention assessments. Existing studies have often overlooked this complexity, failing to employ experimental designs capable of isolating the TIR. Additionally, the reliance on random measurement error assessments based on group level data may not adequately capture the biological variation in muscle mass within individuals. In this context, we propose an experimental design based on unilateral, within-subject resistance training, capable of estimating biological variation in muscle mass and identifying TIR to RT-induced muscle hypertrophy. Additionally, we present an approach to effectively identify non-responders.