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        <title>Frontiers in Thermal Engineering | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/thermal-engineering</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Frontiers in Thermal Engineering | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
        <generator>Frontiers Feed Generator,version:1</generator>
        <pubDate>2026-04-05T00:45:08.81+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
        <item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2026.1602847</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2026.1602847</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Human cooling solutions: alternatives to conventional cooling solutions]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-02-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Elisa Y. M. Ang</author><author>Aminu Yusuf</author><author>Chew Beng Soh</author><author>Peng Cheng Wang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[To break the cycle of traditional air conditioning, rising carbon emissions, and increasing urban heat, a fundamental redesign of how humans achieve thermal comfort is essential. This review explores emerging technological trends in alternative cooling solutions from two perspectives. First, localized or personal cooling devices are gaining attention as a sustainable alternative to conventional space cooling. However, current technologies remain insufficient to fully replace traditional air conditioning. This review examines the limitations of commercial personal cooling devices and highlights advancements aiming to bridge this gap. Second, given the improbability of personal cooling entirely replacing space cooling in the near future, alternative large-scale cooling approaches must also be considered. This review discusses current and emerging cooling cycles, along with complementary technologies designed to enhance energy efficiency, including district cooling, radiative cooling, cooling paints, and the integration of green spaces.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2026.1734742</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2026.1734742</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Thermal simulation of a flat-plate solar collector based on heat transfer coefficients]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-01-29T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Brief Research Report</category>
        <author>Ángel Alfonso García López</author><author>Iván Antonio García-Montalvo</author><author>Sadoth Sandoval Torres</author><author>Alma Dolores Pérez-Santiago</author><author>Marco Antonio Sánchez-Medina</author><author>Diana Matías-Pérez</author><author>Emilio Hernández-Bautista</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Renewable energy plays a crucial role in mitigating environmental impact and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. Solar thermal energy offers a clean and sustainable alternative. This study presents a phenomenological mathematical model for simulating heat transfer in a flat-plate solar collector. The model aims to optimize thermal efficiency and support the design of energy systems. The thermal analysis considers temperature gradients across the glass cover (GC), the air gap between the GC and the absorber plate (GC-AP), the aluminum absorber plate (AP), the airflow inside the tubes, and the wood insulation (WI) at the base. A thermal resistance network is developed that incorporates conduction, convection, and radiation mechanisms. Heat transfer coefficients are obtained from experimental measurements of temperature and air velocity, including ambient, GC, AP, insulation, and working fluid temperatures. These coefficients feed an energy balance model, producing differential equations that are solved numerically using Scilab Xcos to simulate the collector’s behavior. The GC acts as a selective filter, transmitting short-wave radiation and limiting long-wave emissions, contributing to a greenhouse effect that enhances performance. However, significant thermal losses occur through insulation and optical elements. Model validation against experimental data yields RMSE of 0.19 °C for natural convection and 0.0089 °C for forced convection. The thermal efficiency of 52.7% under forced convection and 29.3% under natural convection. Total energy losses amount to 35% via insulation and 15% due to optical inefficiencies. The results highlight the critical role of airflow and the importance of improving optical properties and insulation to enhance collector performance.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2025.1683632</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2025.1683632</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Sustainable air dehumidification using liquid desiccant technology: performance analysis of a packed-bed system]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-10-21T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Satwinder Singh</author><author>Ravinder Kumar</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionDesiccant-based dehumidification is a promising energy-efficient solution for air moisture control, particularly in humid climates.MethodsThis paper aims to experimentally evaluate the performance of a counter flow packed bed dehumidifier using PVC honeycomb packing with calcium chloride solution as a desiccant. Desiccant solution flow rate, air mass flow rate, and air inlet temperature were the main input variables taken into account in the experiment.ResultsThe performance of the system was assessed by measuring the moisture removal rate, the exit air temperature, and the air’s outlet humidity ratio. Results show that increasing the air mass flow rate from 0.00074 to 0.00119 kg/s and raising the desiccant inlet temperature from 50 °C to 70 °C increases the moisture extraction rate from 0.032 × 10−4 kg/s to 0.225 × 10−4 kg/s and a corresponding rise in outlet humidity ratio.DiscussionThese outcomes contribute to the optimization of liquid desiccant dehumidifiers and hence support their broader application in energy-efficient climate control systems.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2025.1682295</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2025.1682295</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Synthesis, characterization, and performance evaluation of Al2O3 nanoparticles in HFE7000 refrigerant for domestic refrigeration]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-10-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Munish Digra</author><author>Jagdev Singh</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Nanorefrigerants, which consist of base refrigerant enhanced with nanoscale particles, represent a promising advancement in thermal management systems. This study reports the successful synthesis, characterization, and experimental evaluation of a novel Al2O3/HFE-7000 nanorefrigerant intended for domestic refrigeration applications. Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles were synthesised via a citrate sol-gel method, followed by calcination at 800 °C, and characterised using Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), Field Emission Scanning (FESEM), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analyses. The nanoparticles exhibited high crystallinity, spherical morphology, an average size of ∼22.5 nm, and a surface area of 26.2 m2/g with mesoporous structure. The nanorefrigerant was prepared by dispersing Al2O3 nanoparticles in HFE-7000 using ultra sonication and magnetic stirring, aided by Tween-80 surfactant to ensure long-term dispersion stability. Five different nanoparticle concentrations (0.02%–1.5% wt) were tested. A custom-engineered vapour compression refrigeration system (VCRS) test rig was deployed to evaluate the thermophysical performance across five temperature conditions. Key findings revealed that the addition of Al2O3 significantly enhanced the Coefficient of Performance (COP), improved subcooling, and reduced the discharge pressure and compression ratio—without compromising system stability. The optimal concentration range was identified as 1.2–1.4 wt%, beyond which increases in viscosity and potential nanoparticle agglomeration could offset thermal benefits. These results highlight the potential of Al2O3/HFE-7000 nanorefrigerants as high-efficiency, environmentally friendly alternatives for domestic cooling applications.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2025.1654815</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2025.1654815</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Innovations in thermal energy systems, bridging traditional and emerging technologies for sustainable energy solutions]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-09-12T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Val Hyginus Udoka Eze</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionThermal energy systems (TES) have been foundational to global industrialization and power generation, with fossil fuel-based technologies providing nearly 81% of the global primary energy supply as of 2024. However, their dependence on finite resources and low conversion efficiencies, often below 40% in conventional steam power plants, has led to significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, accounting for over 35% of global CO2 output. The urgent need for sustainable, efficient, and low-carbon alternatives has prompted transformative innovations in TES over the past two decades, particularly in hybridization and digital optimization.MethodsThis study employed the PRISMA methodology to systematically review 163 peer-reviewed articles published between 2004 and 2024. The analysis focused on trends and advancements in TES, including enhancements in Rankine cycle efficiency, deployment of advanced storage media such as phase change materials (PCMs), thermochemical options, nano-enhanced composites, and hybrid configurations integrating biomass, concentrated solar power (CSP), and photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) systems. Special emphasis was given to the role of digitalization, including artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), Internet of Things (IoT), and digital twin technologies in optimizing TES performance.ResultsThe findings reveal substantial progress in TES modernization. Digital tools enabled real-time optimization, predictive maintenance, and adaptive control, improving system efficiency by 20%-35% and reducing downtime by up to 40% in pilot projects. Waste heat recovery technologies, notably organic Rankine cycles (ORCs) and thermoelectric generators (TEGs), achieved energy recovery efficiencies exceeding 80% for low- to medium-grade heat streams. Modular and containerized TES solutions demonstrated effectiveness in decentralized applications, reducing post-harvest losses by up to 30% in agriculture and improving vaccine cold chain reliability in sub-Saharan Africa by over 50%. Furthermore, integration with electrochemical storage and green hydrogen pathways has positioned TES at the core of multi-vector decarbonized energy platforms.DiscussionThe review underscores that the future of TES will be defined by interdisciplinary research and development, advanced material innovation, particularly nanostructured composites, and supportive regulatory frameworks. Hybrid renewable integration and digitalization are central to achieving Paris Agreement goals, enhancing energy security, and promoting global energy equity. The transition toward intelligent, low-carbon thermal networks reflects not only technological evolution but also a paradigm shift essential for long-term sustainability.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2025.1594443</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2025.1594443</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Phy-ChemNODE: an end-to-end physics-constrained autoencoder-NeuralODE framework for learning stiff chemical kinetics of hydrocarbon fuels]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-08-15T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Tadbhagya Kumar</author><author>Anuj Kumar</author><author>Pinaki Pal</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Predictive computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of reacting flows in energy conversion systems are accompanied by a major computational bottleneck of solving a stiff system of coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs) associated with detailed fuel chemistry. This issue is exacerbated with the complexity of fuel chemistry as the number of reactive scalars and chemical reactions increase. In this work, a physics-constrained Autoencoder (AE)-NeuralODE framework, termed as PhyChemNODE, is developed for data-driven modeling and temporal emulation of stiff chemical kinetics for complex hydrocarbon fuels, wherein a non-linear AE is employed for dimensionality reduction of the thermochemical state and the NODE learns temporal dynamics of the system in the low-dimensional latent space obtained from the AE. Both the AE and NODE are trained together in an end-to-end manner. We further enhance the approach by incorporating elemental mass conservation constraints directly into the loss function during model training. This ensures that total mass as well as individual elemental species masses are conserved in an a-posteriori manner. Demonstration studies are performed for methane combustion kinetics (32 species, 266 chemical reactions) over a wide thermodynamic and composition space at high pressure. Effects of various model hyperparameters, such as relative weighting of different terms in the loss function and dimensionality of the AE latent space, on the accuracy of Phy-ChemNODE are assessed. The physics-based constraints are shown to improve both training efficiency and physical consistency of the data-driven model. Further, a-posteriori autoregressive inference tests demonstrate that Phy-ChemNODE leads to reduced temporal stiffness in the latent space, and achieves 1-3 orders of magnitude speedup relative to the detailed kinetic mechanism depending on the type of ODE solver (implicit or explicit) used for numerical integration, while ensuring prediction fidelity.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2025.1560746</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2025.1560746</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A comparative study of cable fire dynamics: bench-scale experiments and numerical simulations with and without fire-retardant coating]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-08-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Raj Kumar Mishra</author><author>Mahesh Kumar Tiwari</author><author>Ankit Dasgotra</author><author>Ankit Sharma</author><author>Akhil Gupta</author><author>Mukut Kumar Meena</author><author>Ravi Kumar</author><author>Pavan Kumar Sharma</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Cable fires are one of the primary causes of fire hazards in nuclear power plants (NPPs) and warehouse buildings. This paper presents a study on the experimental and numerical analysis of cable failure with and without fire-resistant coating. The experiments were conducted in two sets under two different average heat fluxes, ranging from 15 (13–15) kW/ m2 to 20 (17–20) kW/ m2. A total of 10 experiments were analyzed, with five varying fire-resistant coating thicknesses from 0 to 0.8 mm for each heat flux value. For the power cable without coating, under an average heat flux value of 15 kW/ m2, the failure time was recorded as 1,897 s. Furthermore, the core and outer sheath temperatures at the time of failure, under the same heat flux, were recorded as 282.60°C and 353.90°C, respectively. For the power cable without coating under a heat flux value of 20 kW/ m2, the failure time was recorded as 991 s; the core and outer sheath temperatures at failure were recorded as 223.16°C and 310.16°C, respectively. Correlations for both heat fluxes were established, showing close agreement with experimental results—within a 2% variation. COMSOL Multiphysics software is used to perform the numerical simulations. The simulation results for the uncoated cable showed that under a heat flux value of 15 kW/ m2, the failure time, core temperature, and outer sheath temperature were 1898 s, 333.37°C, and 361.83°C, respectively. Under a heat flux value of 20 kW/ m2 for a power cable without coating, the simulation results obtained for cable failure time, core temperature, and outer sheath temperature were found to be 990 s, 212.73°C, and 256.45°C, respectively. The absolute mean deviation for the outer sheath in numerical validation was 9.94%, while for the core, it was 14.19%. The simulation results show good agreement with the experimental results. These findings contribute to a better understanding of cable burning characteristics and failure times.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2025.1513507</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2025.1513507</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Application oriented material characterisation and simulation for adsorption thermal energy storage]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-05-27T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Henri Schmit</author><author>Simon Pöllinger</author><author>Tobias Schubert</author><author>Eberhard Lävemann</author><author>Stefan Hiebler</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Thermal energy storage based on adsorption and desorption of water on zeolites promises high energy storage densities. In the design of adsorption thermal energy storages, an application oriented material characterisation and simulation is necessary to choose an adsorbent that is a good match for the application conditions. Therefore, a method consisting of four steps is proposed. In the first step, potential adsorbents are compared to each other under application conditions using characteristic curves. The equilibrium data to determine the characteristic curves of commercially available CWK 13XBFK and NaYBFK is measured via a simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) device used in thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) mode and a coupled humidity generator. The characteristic curves of CWK 13XBFK and NaYBFK are successfully determined for adsorption potentials ΔF between 105 kJ kg-1 ≤ ΔF ≤ 3,495 kJ kg-1 and 106 kJ kg-1 ≤ ΔF ≤ 3,524 kJ kg-1, respectively. In both investigated scenarios of a mobile sorption storage and a industrial tumble dryer, CWK NaYBFK has a slightly higher volumetric water uptake than 13XBFK. In the second step, breakthrough curves are recorded for both zeolites under adsorption and desorption conditions for a mobile sorption storage. The results indicate that the desorption conditions are a better match for CWK NaYBFK while the adsorption conditions are a better match for CWK 13XBFK. In the third step, the experimental breakthrough curves serve to validate a fixed bed simulation that can be used to construct a sorption system for the investigated adsorption and desorption conditions. In the fourth and last step, both zeolites are cycled for 140 cycles between a temperature of 300 °C and dew point temperature of 60°C for desorption and a temperature of 42.5°C and 30 °C for adsorption. These conditions based on the integration of a sorption system into an industrial tumble dryer lead to a decrease of the water adsorption capacity of 36.5% for CWK 13XBFK and 3.3% for CWK NaYBFK.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2025.1561295</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2025.1561295</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Experimental analysis of a latent heat thermal energy storage unit enhanced by branched fins]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-05-23T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Shiva Pandiri</author><author>Jacob Murphy</author><author>Kamran Fouladi</author><author>Saeed Tiari</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The global shift towards renewable energy to replace fossil fuels has led to exploring thermal energy storage techniques employing phase change materials (PCM), known as latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES). Renewable energy sources such as solar and wind have limitations due to their unpredictable nature and thus require adequate storage during times of intermittency. PCMs offer a high energy storage density, however, their thermal performance is limited by their low thermal conductivity. This is leading researchers to investigate passive heat transfer enhancement techniques, such as nanoparticle dispersion, porous matrices, heat pipes, and fins, to improve heat transfer within PCMs. Recent studies have primarily focused on the numerical analysis of branched fins, leaving a significant gap in experimental validation. This study addresses this gap by providing a comprehensive experimental evaluation of the thermal performance of a LHTES system enhanced by branched fins, The performance of various fin configurations is compared during both charging and discharging processes. The present study takes a novel approach in comparing performance of radial fins, Y-fins, and snowflake fins in two sets of cases: four-fin and six-fin arrangements, which are compared to a baseline of a zero-fin configuration. All four-fin arrangements contain the same volume of copper, and all six-fin arrangements contain more copper than the four-fin arrangements. The fin configurations are compared based on charging and discharging times and the system energy response. The comparisons indicate that all branched fins configurations resulted in significant reductions in charging and discharging times compared to the benchmark. For four-fin arrangements, radial fins show a decrease of 81.52% and 63.45%, Y-fins show a reduction of 85.97% and 73.64% and snowflake fins show a reduction of 86.3% and 73.2% in charging and discharging times, respectively. For six-fin arrangements, radial fins show a reduction of 89.76% and 76.87%, Y-fins show a reduction of 91.63% and 83.03%, and snowflake fins show a reduction of 91.61% and 86.14% reduction in charging and discharging times, respectively.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2025.1549926</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2025.1549926</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Thermo-economic assessment of metallic high-temperature latent heat storage system]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-04-24T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Alok Kumar Ray</author><author>Sagar Vashisht</author><author>Dibakar Rakshit</author><author>K. Ravi Kumar</author><author>Hal Gurgenci</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The promising prospects of high-temperature latent heat storage (HT-LHS) systems are accentuated by their advantages, including significant energy storage density, superior energetic efficiency, quasi-isothermal functionality, and seamless integration with renewable energy systems such as 3rd Gen Concentrated Solar Plant and Thermophotovoltaic systems. This study evaluates the thermo-economic performance of a proposed HT-LHS system having silicon as phase change material (PCM). A single thermal cell and a complete LHS system (consisting of several thermal cells) integrated with the supercritical CO2 cycle are considered for the thermal and economic analyses, respectively. Furthermore, the charging performance of an equivalent thermal cell is compared with a specific Li-ion cell. Notably, a single thermal cell’s gravimetric and volumetric energy densities surpass those of the specific Li-ion cell by approximately fourfold. Moreover, the charging time of the equivalent thermal cell, with minimal heat flow, is notably shorter than that of the Li-ion cell with comparable capacity. In terms of the levelized cost of electricity (LCoE), the HT-LHS technology demonstrates a significantly lower price of 9.547 Rs/kWh when storing 200 MWh of energy. Sensitivity analysis of LCoE reveals the opposite effect of loan repayment years (LOY) compared to other economic parameters. LCoE varies by 23.1%,16.43%,14.4%, and 8.06% by changing Return on equity (ROE), interest rate on the loan (IOL), Operation and maintenance cost, and discount rate from −40% to 40%.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2025.1548806</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2025.1548806</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Performance and emission assessment of an indirect ignition diesel engine fuelled with waste plastic pyrolysis oil and ethanol blends]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-04-02T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Mrinal Bhowmik</author><author>Madhujit Deb</author><author>G. R. K. Sastry</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The present study examines the performance and emission attributes of an indirect injection diesel engine powered by blends of waste plastic pyrolysis oil (WPPO) and ethanol, evaluating their viability as substitutes for traditional diesel fuel. Experimental results reveal that blend BL2 (25 vol.% WPPO and 10 vol.% ethanol) exhibits superior brake thermal efficiency (BTHE), surpassing diesel by 1.3% at full load, while other prepared blends demonstrate comparable performance. Brake-specific fuel consumption decreases with increasing load, with BL2 outperforming diesel by 3.7% at full load. Unburned hydrocarbon emissions are lower for BL1 (15% WPPO and 5% ethanol) and BL2, with reductions of 6.7% and 10.4%, respectively, compared to diesel at full load. In contrast, blends with higher ethanol content show decreased nitric oxide emissions, with BL1 and BL2 reducing 20.1% and 21.7. Carbon monoxide emissions are consistently reduced across all blends, with 25% reductions attributed to improved oxygen availability for combustion. The findings demonstrate that WPPO-ethanol blends, particularly BL1 and BL2, offer a promising pathway for reducing environmental pollutants while maintaining or enhancing engine performance, highlighting their potential as supplementary fuels for internal combustion engines.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2025.1591428</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2025.1591428</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Editorial: Bio-thermal medical devices, methods, and models: new developments and advances]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-03-24T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Editorial</category>
        <author>Manpreet Singh</author><author>Arka Bhowmik</author><author>Ramjee Repaka</author><author>Kunal Mitra</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2025.1520951</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2025.1520951</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Magnetic particle imaging resolution needed for magnetic hyperthermia treatment planning: a sensitivity analysis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-02-17T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Shreeniket Pawar</author><author>Nageshwar Arepally</author><author>Hayden Carlton</author><author>Joshua Vanname</author><author>Robert Ivkov</author><author>Anilchandra Attaluri</author>
        <description><![CDATA[PurposeMagnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a nascent tracer imaging modality that generates images from magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONs) in tissue. MPI resolution is a critical input parameter for defining the reliability of simulations-based temperature predictions for magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia (MNPH). The objective of this study was to ascertain how spatial resolution provided by MPI data affects the reliability of predicted temperatures and thermal dose in simulations using MPI data as inputs.MethodsComputed tomography (CT) and MPI scans obtained from a tumor injected with MIONs were co-registered to align their coordinates. Co-registered data were used to obtain geometry and volumetric heat sources for computational simulations of MNPH in phantom tumors. In addition to using the MPI-derived in vivo MION distribution (D1) we analyzed two mathematical MION distributions: uniform (D2) and Gaussian (D3). All distributions were discretized into cubic voxels and the data were imported into a commercial finite element bioheat transfer (FEBHT) software for thermal simulations. FEBHT simulations were conducted using the Pennes’ bioheat equation using four different MION specific loss power (SLP) values in the range 300–600 [W/g Fe]. The impact on predicted temperature resolution and thermal dose of spatial resolution were assessed by varying the linear voxel density (LVD) from 0.36 to 4.06 [voxel/mm]. Results were compared against the simulation with the highest LVD [4.06(voxel/mm)], where deviations in temperature of ≤ ±1 [°C] and thermal dose coverage ≤ ±5 [%] were deemed acceptable.ResultsThe D3 distribution resulted in the highest predicted temperatures, followed by D1 and D2; however, in terms of thermal dose, D1 showed lowest tumor coverage, requiring higher heat output from MIONs than was required for the other distributions studied. The results of the sensitivity analysis revealed that the predicted tumor temperature increased with LVD across all tested SLP values. Additionally, we observed that the minimum acceptable LVD increased with SLP.ConclusionCurrent (preclinical small animal) MPI scanners provide sufficient spatial resolution to predict temperature to within ±1 [°C], and thermal dose coverage to within ±5 [%] for MION formulations having heat output SLP = <370 [W/g Fe]. Higher spatial resolution is needed to achieve a similar precision when MION SLP exceeds 370 [W/g Fe]. We also conclude from the results that assuming a uniform MION distribution in tissue, which has been a common practice in MNPH simulations, overestimates the SLP needed to deposit meaningful thermal dose.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2024.1517404</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2024.1517404</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Development of a high thermal efficiency heavy-duty engine]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-02-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Erick Garcia</author><author>Vassilis Triantopoulos</author><author>Joseph Trzaska</author><author>André L. Boehman</author><author>Maxwell Taylor</author><author>Jian Li</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The U.S. Department of Energy Supertruck 2 program placed emphasis on development of heavy-duty trucks with high freight efficiency using commercially realizable technology suites. This paper describes the research and development process used to pursue a high thermal efficiency heavy-duty engine under Supertruck 2. The team focused on over-expanded engine cycles and advanced piston designs. This paper describes how single-cylinder engine studies using thermal barrier coated pistons, high compression pistons, and over-expanded cycles informed the development process of a multi-cylinder demonstration engine that achieved 49.9% peak thermal efficiency. While tailoring the injection strategy and other control parameters optimized the demonstration engine, more than half of the efficiency improvement came from the over-expanded cycle.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2025.1536410</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2025.1536410</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Representing unsegmented vessels using available vascular data for bioheat transfer simulation]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-02-06T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Rohan Amare</author><author>Amir A. Bahadori</author><author>Steven Eckels</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionA primary challenge with voxel domains generated from imaging data is associated with voxel resolution. Due to the dimensional scale of blood vessels, not all vessels are captured in a given voxel resolution, leading to discontinuous blood vessels in the segmentation. Pre-capillary vessels like arterioles, which provide the highest resistance to blood flow, are often modeled with tissue as a porous domain due to resolution limitations. This results in a loss of information that could have been modeled if these vessels were segmented and modeled distinctly from the capillary bed.MethodsThis paper focuses on developing mathematical equations to calculate the flow resistance of unsegmented vasculature with reference to flow resistance of available segmented vascular data. A 3D vascular domain of 32 terminal vessels and five generations of bifurcation is simulated. Each generation is successively removed and substituted with the new flow resistance equations to analyze the error in heat transfer due to a lack of segmentation data.ResultsThe effect of using mathematical equations of flow resistance on bioheat transfer is analyzed. Two methods are proposed and demonstrated to show considerable error reduction in bioheat transfer.DiscussionVery high image resolution, which could allow modeling of pre-capillary vessels, increases the computational cost of the entire simulation domain. Instead, a mathematical representation of the pressure drop induced in these unsegmented blood vessels is used. The proposed methods show potential in reducing the error resulting from the lack of segmentation data, improving the accuracy of bioheat transfer simulations.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2025.1501448</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2025.1501448</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Numerical investigation on structure optimization and heat transfer of a phase change accumulator based on changing eccentricity and fin parameters]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-01-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Shi Yiting</author><author>Zhang Liting</author><author>Yang Yongwen</author><author>Zhang Tao</author><author>Li Qifen</author>
        <description><![CDATA[In the contemporary era, the scarcity and strain of energy resources, combined with the pursuit of their efficient utilization, have posed critical challenges to the global community. Energy storage technology provides a solution to defer the utilization of heat or cold, thus tackling the root cause of energy shortages. Significantly, the integration of new energy sources has further enhanced the demand for energy storage. In contrast, the cost of heat storage is only one-tenth of that of electricity storage, which endows heat storage with more promising application prospects. Within the domain of heat storage, phase change heat storage has emerged as a prominent research focus due to its unique advantages such as high heat storage density, compact volume, and convenient control and matching capabilities. Consequently, we have made efforts to investigate the characteristics of phase change heat storage and improve heat transfer efficiency. Specifically, based on CFD simulation software and the enthalpy method mathematical model, a numerical model of the phase transformation process of tubular paraffin coupled with thermal conductivity and natural convection was established, and its heat absorption and heat release characteristics were simulated. The results indicate that the phase transition interface is symmetrical in general, but asymmetrical in the upper and lower parts, with the paraffin at the top having the fastest melting speed. To enhance the heat absorption and release process of phase change, the eccentric sleeve and fin were introduced. With the increase of eccentricity, the circulating flow range caused by natural convection expands. This is because the amount of paraffin in the lower part decreases and the thermal resistance reduces, which accelerates the melting speed. Moreover, increasing the eccentricity within a certain range is beneficial to accelerating the melting process. The addition of fins can significantly shorten the melting time of paraffin wax. Also, increasing the fin height and fin width can effectively reduce the melting time. However, as the fin height and fin width increase, the shortening gradient gradually decreases.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2024.1488206</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2024.1488206</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Experimental analysis of glass failure criteria under different thermal conditions]]></title>
        <pubdate>2024-11-06T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Raj Kumar Mishra</author><author>Pawan Kumar Sharma</author><author>Ravi Kumar</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The initiation of the first crack mainly determines the criteria for glass failure. However, the extended consequences of cracking, with the formation of multiple cracks merging, result in fallout conditions under varying thermal loads that become more critical. Point-supported glass arrangements are globally used in high-rise and energy-efficient buildings for architectural ingenuity aimed at a low budget. However, the formation of cracks due to thermal load resulting in glass breakage could infuriate the overall fire dynamics of the enclosed area. Therefore, experimental study and prediction of glass failure become very crucial. The present experimental study focuses on finding the most critical parameter that may quantify the cause of glass failure and further breakage in fallout conditions under varying thermal loads. 45 experiments were carried out on float glass of 300 × 300 mm2 with 4 mm, 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm, and 12 mm with continuous fuel supply arrangements. Critical parameters analysed were the time of crack initiation, glass temperature at the time of cracking, maximum temperature difference at glass failure, and thermal strain caused by the temperature difference on the glass surface. The range of minimum and maximum temperature difference recorded on the glass surface for the present study was between 30–35°C and 55–60°C at the breakage time for all the experiments. The Maximum temperature difference measured was 56.99°C on the 12 mm glass surface, and the corresponding maximum thermal strain found was 482 × 10−6 mm/mm. The maximum heat release rate was found to be approximately 200 kW. Maximum heat flux was found in the range of 10.33 kW/m2 to 21.14 kW/m2. A correlation was also developed using the least square method for all the thicknesses, which is well correlated with the glass thickness per unit length.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2024.1440165</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2024.1440165</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Application studies on MXene-based flexible composites]]></title>
        <pubdate>2024-08-05T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Pinda Li</author><author>Xueling Zhao</author><author>Yaxin Ding</author><author>Lifei Chen</author><author>Xin Wang</author><author>Huaqing Xie</author>
        <description><![CDATA[MXene is a novel two-dimensional layered nanomaterial with a very large specific surface area and abundant surface functional groups, endowing it with unique physical and chemical properties. MXene can be compounded with other functional materials to significantly improve the performance of MXene composites or broaden their application scope. Meanwhile, with the development of flexible composite preparation technology, it has promoted the continuous expansion of its application fields. The introduction and combination of different materials can improve the performance of flexible composites and make them have a broader application prospect. In recent years, researchers have started preparing MXene materials as flexible composites for applications such as supercapacitors, sensors, electromagnetic shielding and thermal management. This paper gives a brief introduction to flexible composites and MXene materials, reviews the applications of MXene based flexible composites in various fields as well as the research progress, and provides an outlook on their future development direction.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2024.1345452</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2024.1345452</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Experimental description of heat transfer processes at two-phase flow in microchannels towards the development of a heat sink for PV panels]]></title>
        <pubdate>2024-06-19T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Pedro Pontes</author><author>Guido Marseglia</author><author>Mariana Perez</author><author>M. G. de Giorgi</author><author>A. L. N. Moreira</author><author>Ana S. Moita</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The development of new and more effective cooling technologies is required for several high thermal power dissipation applications such as in electronics cooling or high concentrated photovoltaic panels. The present paper addresses an experimental study on the development of a microchannel based heat sink to cool photovoltaic panels. Experiments focus on the test of a microchannel, with geometry and dimensions optimized from previous work. The analysis performed here emphasizes the experimental characterization of flow boiling in the microchannel under different working conditions. The results include pressure drop and heat flux maps, obtained combining pressure sensors with high-speed imaging and time resolved thermography. The analysis performed was able to identify where nucleation sites were formed. Slug flow interfacial heat transfer could be observed and accurately described in the heat flux maps. Overall, results show the high potential of combining high-speed imaging with time resolved infrared thermography to characterize complex flows. These results also show that there is a good potential for this microchannel based flow cooling in removing the required heat fluxes for the application considered here, when compared to other liquid and air-cooling technologies.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2024.1391602</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fther.2024.1391602</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Home energy management strategy to schedule multiple types of loads and energy storage device with consideration of user comfort: a deep reinforcement learning based approach]]></title>
        <pubdate>2024-06-05T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Tingzhe Pan</author><author>Zean Zhu</author><author>Hongxuan Luo</author><author>Chao Li</author><author>Xin Jin</author><author>Zijie Meng</author><author>Xinlei Cai</author>
        <description><![CDATA[With the increase in the integration of renewable sources, the home energy management system (HEMS) has become a promising approach to improve grid energy efficiency and relieve network stress. In this context, this paper proposes an optimization dispatching strategy for HEMS to reduce total cost with full consideration of uncertainties, while ensuring the users’ comfort. Firstly, a HEMS dispatching model is constructed to reasonably schedule the start/stop time of the dispatchable appliances and energy storage system to minimize the total cost for home users. Besides, this dispatching strategy also controls the switching time of temperature-controlled load such as air conditioning to reduce the energy consumption while maintaining the indoor temperature in a comfortable level. Then, the optimal dispatching problem of HEMS is modeled as a Markov decision process (MDP) and solved by a deep reinforcement learning algorithm called deep deterministic policy gradient. The example results verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method. The energy cost can be effectively reduced by 21.9% at least compared with other benchmarks and the indoor temperature can be well maintained.]]></description>
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