<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v2.3 20070202//EN" "journalpublishing.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="2.3" xml:lang="EN">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Front. Vet. Sci.</journal-id>
<journal-title>Frontiers in Veterinary Science</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="pubmed">Front. Vet. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn pub-type="epub">2297-1769</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Frontiers Media S.A.</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fvets.2024.1372961</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Veterinary Science</subject>
<subj-group>
<subject>Review</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>MicroRNAs: exploring their role in farm animal disease and mycotoxin challenges</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Kappari</surname> <given-names>Laharika</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<uri xlink:href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2634409/overview"/>
<role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft/"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Dasireddy</surname> <given-names>Joseph Rishitha</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft/"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Applegate</surname> <given-names>Todd J.</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<uri xlink:href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/883207/overview"/>
<role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing/"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Selvaraj</surname> <given-names>Ramesh K.</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<uri xlink:href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1713931/overview"/>
<role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing/"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<name><surname>Shanmugasundaram</surname> <given-names>Revathi</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c001"><sup>&#x002A;</sup></xref>
<uri xlink:href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1569062/overview"/>
<role content-type="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing/"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1"><sup>1</sup><institution>Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia</institution>, <addr-line>Athens, GA</addr-line>, <country>United States</country></aff>
<aff id="aff2"><sup>2</sup><institution>Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture</institution>, <addr-line>Athens, GA</addr-line>, <country>United States</country></aff>
<author-notes>
<fn fn-type="edited-by" id="fn0001"><p>Edited by: Yasser Mahmmod, Long Island University, United States</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by" id="fn0002"><p>Reviewed by: Essam Abdelfattah, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, United States</p>
<p>Mohamed Elsokary, Benha University, Egypt</p></fn>
<corresp id="c001">&#x002A;Correspondence: Revathi Shanmugasundaram, <email>revathi.shan@usda.gov</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>13</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection">
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>11</volume>
<elocation-id>1372961</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>21</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>04</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright &#x00A9; 2024 Kappari, Dasireddy, Applegate, Selvaraj and Shanmugasundaram.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Kappari, Dasireddy, Applegate, Selvaraj and Shanmugasundaram</copyright-holder>
<license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.</p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<p>MicroRNAs (miRNAs) serve as key regulators in gene expression and play a crucial role in immune responses, holding a significant promise for diagnosing and managing diseases in farm animals. This review article summarizes current research on the role of miRNAs in various farm animal diseases and mycotoxicosis, highlighting their potential as biomarkers and using them for mitigation strategies. Through an extensive literature review, we focused on the impact of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of several farm animal diseases, including viral and bacterial infections and mycotoxicosis. They regulate gene expression by inducing mRNA deadenylation, decay, or translational inhibition, significantly impacting cellular processes and protein synthesis. The research revealed specific miRNAs associated with the diseases; for instance, gga-miR-M4 is crucial in Marek&#x2019;s disease, and gga-miR-375 tumor-suppressing function in Avian Leukosis. In swine disease such as Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS) and swine influenza, miRNAs like miR-155 and miR-21-3p emerged as key regulatory factors. Additionally, our review highlighted the interaction between miRNAs and mycotoxins, suggesting miRNAs can be used as a biomarker for mycotoxin exposure. For example, alterations in miRNA expression, such as the dysregulation observed in response to Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in chickens, may indicate potential mechanisms for toxin-induced changes in lipid metabolism leading to liver damage. Our findings highlight miRNAs potential for early disease detection and intervention in farm animal disease management, potentially reducing significant economic losses in agriculture. With only a fraction of miRNAs functionally characterized in farm animals, this review underlines more focused research on specific miRNAs altered in distinct diseases, using advanced technologies like CRISPR-Cas9 screening, single-cell sequencing, and integrated multi-omics approaches. Identifying specific miRNA targets offers a novel pathway for early disease detection and the development of mitigation strategies against mycotoxin exposure in farm animals.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>microRNAs</kwd>
<kwd>farm animal diseases</kwd>
<kwd>mycotoxins</kwd>
<kwd>biomarker</kwd>
<kwd>disease intervention</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="4"/>
<table-count count="3"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="254"/>
<page-count count="24"/>
<word-count count="19485"/>
</counts>
<custom-meta-wrap>
<custom-meta>
<meta-name>section-at-acceptance</meta-name>
<meta-value>Veterinary Infectious Diseases</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-wrap>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro" id="sec1">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is an essential macromolecule for biological coding and gene expression in all living organisms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>). RNA is classified into different types based on their role within the biological system: Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, small nuclear RNA, small nucleolar RNA, microRNA, small interfering RNA, and long noncoding RNA are the types of RNA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>). MiRNAs are unique among other RNA types because they can regulate the gene expression coded by mRNA, target gene specificity, and extracellular abundance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">3</xref>). The diversified functions of miRNAs make them a biomarker for diagnosing various livestock diseases. MicroRNA expression can vary depending on stress (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4">4</xref>), toxicities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">5</xref>), metabolic (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">6</xref>), and infectious diseases (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref7">7</xref>) Livestock and poultry products, such as milk, meat, eggs, and wool, have a huge impact on the economy of many nations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">8</xref>). Infectious diseases have an adverse impact on farm income and the nation&#x2019;s economy. For example, Foot and Mouth Disease, a viral disease in cloven-hoofed animals, is expected to have an annual global economic loss of US$ 6.5 to 21 billion (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">9</xref>). Similarly, the USDA stated that undercooked chicken and turkey consumption contributes 23% to salmonellosis cases. Salmonella-contaminated poultry carcasses cause $2.5 billion in annual economic losses to the poultry industry in the USA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref10">10</xref>). In the majority of diseases and toxicities, early detection is a difficult task as they do not show specific clinical signs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref11">11</xref>). So molecular-level investigation, such as miRNA detection, can efficiently enhance productivity and control economic losses. In recent molecular studies, miRNA is taking a leading role in acting as a biomarker as its expression is dysregulated within the host cell to counteract or facilitate the pathogen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref12">12</xref>). Most pathogens and toxins trigger this dysregulation and lead to either an increase in the immune response or a decrease in inflammatory responses and apoptosis to survive and proliferate within the host body (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref13">13</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref14">14</xref>). However, this miRNA modulation can serve not only as a tool for early diagnosis but also as an estimator of the level of prognosis.</p>
<p>MiRNAs are naturally occurring, short, non-coding RNAs that play a vital role in immune responses to infection, encompassing innate and adaptive immunity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref15">15</xref>). Their complex repertoire of miRNA, coupled with the evolutionary development of higher organisms, indicates that miRNA is a highly conserved and indispensable cellular process integral to every metazoan lineage (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref16">16</xref>). Within the genome, the sources of miRNA predominantly originate from intragenic regions (introns and partially exons) up to 50% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref17">17</xref>), as well as intergenic regions, occasionally organized in clusters (up to 25%) across various genomic regions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref18">18</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref19">19</xref>). RNA polymerase II/III acts upon these regions either co-transcriptionally or post-transcriptionally, producing primary transcripts that undergo maturation through the biogenic process (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref20">20</xref>). miRNA biogenesis is a complex, multi-step process, occurring predominantly through the canonical pathway and occasionally via non-canonical pathways (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref21">21</xref>). miRNA biogenesis serves as a major regulatory pathway for miRNA transcription, tightly controlled both spatially and temporally due to its inherent nature (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref18">18</xref>).</p>
<p>Existing in both cellular and circulating forms, miRNAs play diverse roles in the body, ranging from cellular differentiation, growth, and apoptosis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref22">22</xref>) to the regulation of alternative splicing (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref23">23</xref>) and transcriptional gene activation and suppression (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref24">24</xref>). The suppression of gene expression can occur through endo-nucleolytic cleavage or translational repression, depending on mRNA complementarity to the seed region (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref25">25</xref>). Circulating miRNAs serve as biomarkers, while cellular miRNAs exhibit highly specific expression patterns, particularly in cells and organs associated with the immune system (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref26">26</xref>). miRNAs play a significant role in regulating both innate and adaptive immune responses, impacting the progression of various infectious diseases (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref27">27</xref>) and influencing anti-viral immune responses and pathogenesis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref28">28</xref>). They regulate immune cells such as neutrophils, megakaryocytes, granulocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells, as well as the immunological signaling pathways in T-cell and B-cell development and functions in adaptive immunity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">29</xref>). Dysregulation of miRNA is evident in altered miRNA expression profiles observed in various diseases (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref30">30</xref>).</p>
<p>Recently, there has been numerous research on miRNAs, with scientists trying to understand the regulatory roles of these small non-coding RNAs in diverse biological processes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of miRNA studies in farm animals, specifically focusing on exploring their functional significance, regulatory mechanisms, and potential applications as biomarkers for common diseases affecting farm animals and mycotoxicosis.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec2">
<title>History</title>
<p>MiRNA was first characterized in 1993 by Ambros, Lee, and Feinbaum within <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref31">31</xref>). This identification resulted from its anti-sense complementarity with the seed sequence of Lin-4 gene transcript, leading to the suppression of the Lin-14 gene expression (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref32">32</xref>). Although efforts were made to discover the miRNA molecule, its role in cellular vital functions remained unclear at that time. Subsequently, in 2000, a second small RNA, let-7, was discovered, revealing its role in enhancing the development of <italic>C. elegans</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref33">33</xref>). This discovery marked the recognition of both lin-4 and let-7 as a class of RNA molecules present in <italic>C. elegans</italic>, humans, and drosophila (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref34 ref35 ref36">34&#x2013;36</xref>). From then on, the term &#x201C;microRNA&#x201D; was coined to describe this class of molecules. In 2006, the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine was awarded to Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello for their work elucidating that small double-stranded RNAs, such as microRNA and small interfering RNA, modulate post-transcriptional gene silencing through RNA interference. Since then, research efforts have expanded to explore how miRNA regulates various physiological and pathological functions across various species, as well as their usage as biomarkers in diagnostic applications.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec3">
<title>MicroRNA biogenesis and post-transcriptional regulation</title>
<p>MiRNA biogenesis is a complex process encompassing nuclear and cytoplasmic processing produce mature miRNA molecules (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref37">37</xref>). The primary pathway for miRNA biogenesis termed the canonical pathway, regulates miRNA through the microprocessor complex (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref38">38</xref>). In this pathway, the RNAase III domain dimers of Drosha form a complex with DGCR8, known as the microprocessor complex (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">39</xref>). This complex cleaves the extended primary transcript into a precursor microRNA (pre-miRNA). Subsequently, the pre-miRNA is transported to the cytoplasm by the Exportin 5/Ran GTP complex (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref21">21</xref>). In the cytoplasm, DICER and TRBP (transactivating region RNA-binding protein) cleave the pre-miRNA and produce a miRNA duplex (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref40">40</xref>). The duplex is then loaded onto the Argonaute protein complex (AGO proteins 1&#x2013;4), creating the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref41">41</xref>). This RISC complex regulates the target mRNA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref42">42</xref>). Depending on the complementarity of the seed region, miRNAs can bind to target mRNA, resulting in deadenylation or rapid decay (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref43">43</xref>). This phenomenon is known as the miRNA-mediated gene repression (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref44">44</xref>). On the other hand, translation repression may occur during the cap-cap-recognition stage (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref45">45</xref>) or 60S subunit binding stage (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref46">46</xref>), which leads to degradation or storage of the mRNA in P-bodies. Repression may also manifest post-translation initiation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref47">47</xref>), leading to proteolytic breakdown of the peptide or inhibiting elongation through ribosomal drop-off by miRNAs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref48">48</xref>). The complete process of miRNA biogenesis and post-transcriptional regulation is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>. This comprehensive regulatory network underscores the complexity and versatility of miRNA-mediated gene expression control.</p>
<fig position="float" id="fig1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<p>The canonical and non-canonical pathways of miRNA biogenesis. Created with <ext-link xlink:href="http://Biorender.com" ext-link-type="uri">Biorender.com</ext-link> (accessed on 21 December 2023).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="fvets-11-1372961-g001.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods" id="sec4">
<title>Methodology</title>
<p>The diseases covered in this review article include the most commonly occurring infectious diseases and mycotoxicosis in farm animals. Comprehensive research was conducted using scholarly databases like PubMed and Google Scholar by using keywords and phrases, both broad and specific, like miRNA, miRNA in animal disease, miRNA and mycotoxin studies in animals, and miRNA as a biomarker for animal diseases, &#x201C;by specifically searching for a disease in particular,&#x201D; and we identified articles related to this review. The literature review for each disease was written chronologically, covering seminal works as well as new research in the field. Articles that are relevant to the topic were identified by skimming through titles and abstracts. These selected articles were then read and used to write the literature review. Citation management software like EndNote was used to organize the references.</p>
<p>The inclusion criteria for this review article involved selecting studies that are directly relevant to the roles of miRNAs in farm animal diseases and mycotoxicosis. This included both experimental and review literature that provides insights into the mechanisms of miRNA, disease associations, and potential for diagnostics or applications for disease intervention. Studies were excluded if they were not directly related to the subject, were of low quality, or had conflicting or not clear findings of biomarkers for a particular disease. The number of papers referred for diseases at the species level and mycotoxicosis are given in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap position="float" id="tab1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<p>The number of papers referred to diseases in farm animals at the species level and mycotoxicosis.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="top">Category</th>
<th align="left" valign="top">Subcategory</th>
<th align="left" valign="top">Diseases covered</th>
<th align="center" valign="top">Number of papers referred</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="4">Species level</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Chickens</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Marek&#x2019;s disease, Avian Leukosis, Infectious Bursal Disease, Avian Influenza, Chronic Respiratory Disease, Chicken Necrotic Enteritis</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">66</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Swine</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome, Swine Influenza, Salmonellosis, <italic>E. coli</italic> F18, <italic>Clostridium perfringens</italic> type C, Trichuris suis, Toxoplasma gondii, Porcine Circovirus</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">41</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Ruminants</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Bovine Viral Diarrhea, Foot and Mouth Disease, Brucellosis, Tuberculosis, Johne&#x2019;s disease</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">35</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Small Ruminants</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Bluetongue, Peste des petits ruminants (PPR), Scrapie</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Mycotoxins studies</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">General impact</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Discussion on the economic impact of aflatoxins, fumonisins, and deoxynivalenol; potential to cause health issues in animals</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Specific mycotoxins</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Studies on Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), Deoxynivalenol (DON), Zearalenone (ZEA) in farm animals like chickens and swine, indicating specific miRNAs associated with mycotoxin exposure and effects</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">9</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec id="sec5">
<title>MicroRNAs in farm animal diseases</title>
<p>There has been an increasing interest in using miRNAs as biomarkers for various diseases, and it has gained significant attention, especially in the context of managing diseases in farm animals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref49">49</xref>). In farm animal disease management, various effective approaches, such as genome editing (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref50">50</xref>), RNA interference (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref51">51</xref>), and the selection of animals with genetic traits resistant to diseases (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref52">52</xref>), have been used. Moreover, targeting epigenetic markers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref53">53</xref>) and miRNAs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref54">54</xref>) has emerged as promising tools.</p>
<p>To manage farm animal diseases, researchers usually follow a three-step process to identify miRNAs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref7">7</xref>). The first step involves the identification of potential markers associated with specific diseases. Subsequently, these markers undergo validation and confirmation to assess their utility across different populations. In the final step, the most efficient tests are selected to use the identified markers for prognostic, therapeutic, or diagnostic purposes.</p>
<p>The utilization of miRNA biomarkers in farm animal disease management offers numerous advantages, as described by Tribolet et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref55">55</xref>). Early detection of diseases through miRNA biomarkers improves prognosis and limits the spread of pathogens. Timely intervention is possible by identifying pathogens at the onset of the disease. Identifying latent infections can help prevent the spread of pathogens and minimize productivity losses. Furthermore, using miRNA as a biomarker can facilitate the identification of effective therapies for livestock diseases, ultimately improving animal well-being and productivity. However, there are several challenges in using miRNAs as biomarkers, as there is a need to understand temporal patterns in their expression during disease progression (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref55">55</xref>), detecting miRNAs with high specificity and sensitivity in a disease (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref56">56</xref>), and technical limitations in their identification (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref12">12</xref>). In addition, the incubation period, prodromal stage, and pathogenesis significantly vary for different pathogens. Understanding the miRNA expression and ontogeny of specific pathogens is necessary to comprehend the molecular mechanisms underlying various diseases.</p>
<p>In this context, several important diseases impacting farm animals are discussed in this review, shedding light on the role of miRNAs in disease management. The total number of studies conducted on miRNA in various farm animals is summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">Table 2</xref>, emphasizing the growing significance of miRNA research in the field of veterinary science.</p>
<table-wrap position="float" id="tab2">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption>
<p>Number of microRNA studies in different farm animal species.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="top">Species</th>
<th align="center" valign="top">Precursor miRNA</th>
<th align="center" valign="top">Mature miRNA</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Cattle</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,064</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,045</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Sheep</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">106</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">153</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Goat</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">267</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">436</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Chicken</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">882</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">1,238</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Pig</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">408</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">461</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<p>Based on data from: miRBase, 2023 (<ext-link xlink:href="https://mirbase.org" ext-link-type="uri">https://mirbase.org</ext-link>).</p>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec id="sec6">
<title>miRNAs involved in poultry diseases</title>
<p>miRNAs play a crucial role in regulating gene expression and immune responses, which impact the susceptibility and resistance of birds to diseases (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref57">57</xref>). Research in this area has gained valuable insights into the role of miRNAs in poultry diseases. Notably, RNA cloning and genome sequencing efforts led to the identification of 25 microRNA sequences in chicken embryos and adults for the first time (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref58">58</xref>). The roles of miRNAs in some important chicken diseases are discussed below (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
<fig position="float" id="fig2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<p>List ofmiRNAs dysregulation in chicken diseases. Created with <ext-link xlink:href="http://Biorender.com" ext-link-type="uri">Biorender.com</ext-link> (accessed on 2 January 2024).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="fvets-11-1372961-g002.tif"/>
</fig>
<sec id="sec7">
<title>Marek&#x2019;s disease</title>
<p>Marek&#x2019;s disease is a lymphoproliferative disease caused by a herpes virus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref59">59</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref60">60</xref>). Significant insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying Marek&#x2019;s disease virus (MDV) infections have been gained through various <italic>in vitro</italic> techniques investigating the functions of host-encoded miRNAs in different aspects of MDV diseases (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref59 ref60 ref61">59&#x2013;61</xref>). Several studies have contributed to advancing our understanding of the complex interactions between host miRNAs and MDV infections. Zhang et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref62">62</xref>) reported that MDV-miR-M4, an ortholog of miR-155, is crucial for the induction of T-cell lymphomas and was found to be over-expressed in the natural host. Eight small RNAs were identified as MDV miRNAs, contributing to the promotion of MDV pathogenesis and aiding in the transformation of chicken T cells (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref63">63</xref>). Overexpression of gga-miR-21 was reported during oncogenic RB-1B strain infection compared to non-oncogenic strain CVI988 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref58">58</xref>). Li et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref60">60</xref>) reported that a downregulation of gga-miR-26a in spleens infected with Marek&#x2019;s disease virus compared to the control group chickens. The expression of gga-miR-103-3p was found to be downregulated in MDV-infected tissues using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref59">59</xref>). gga-miR-219b was identified as suppressing tumor growth by inhibiting cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref61">61</xref>). Small RNA-seq analysis identified 54 novel miRNAs that were differentially expressed in MDV and control birds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref64">64</xref>). The study demonstrated that miR-126 plays a role in suppressing tumors in Marek&#x2019;s disease lymphoma (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref65">65</xref>). A potential regulatory network of miR-29b-3p and its target gene was identified, which regulates the characteristics of the MD lymphoma transformation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref66">66</xref>). These findings collectively contribute to our understanding of the intricate roles played by miRNAs in the context of Marek&#x2019;s disease, offering potential avenues for disease interventions and management strategies.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec8">
<title>Avian leukosis</title>
<p>Avian Leukosis Virus (ALV), a retrovirus belonging to the Retroviridae family, is associated with tumorigenicity along with decreased fertility, egg production, and growth retardation in chickens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref67 ref68 ref69">67&#x2013;69</xref>). Several studies have investigated the role of miRNAs in ALV infections and tumorigenesis, providing insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying these conditions. Using miRNA microarray analysis in 10-week-old chickens, Li et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref70">70</xref>) identified 12 differentially expressed miRNAs in ALV chickens. Among them, gga-mir-221, gga-mir-222, gga-mir-1456, gga-mir-1704, gga-mir-1777, gga-mir-1790, and gga-mir-2127 were upregulated, and gga-let-7b, gga-let-7i, gga-mir-125b, gga-mir-375, and gga-mir-458 were downregulated in the context of tumor suppression. Li et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref71">71</xref>) suggested that gga-miR-375 plays a regulatory role in ALV tumorigenesis by controlling cancer cell proliferation and functioning as a tumor suppressor. Dai et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref72">72</xref>) proposed that gga-miR-221 and gga-miR-222 may have a significant effect on genes for tumor formation in chickens, promoting unregulated differentiation and metastasis of cancer cells while inhibiting apoptosis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref73">73</xref>).</p>
<p>Research by Ji et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref74">74</xref>) suggested that miR-34b-5p targets the MDA5 signaling pathway, facilitating the migration and proliferation of ALV-J-infected cells and favoring ALV-J replication. miRNAs act as tumor suppressors, which are critical in tumorigenesis. The expression of gga-let-7b and gga-let-7i in liver and bone marrow tissues infected with ALV-J suggests that these miRNAs act as tumor suppressors during the process of tumorigenesis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref27">27</xref>). Further, co-infection of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) and avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) <italic>in vitro</italic> promotes viral replication by synergistically increasing exosomal miRNAs (miR-184-3p, miR-146a-3p, miR-146a-5p, miR-3538, and miR-155). Further, the downregulation of gga-miR-375 and the upregulation of YAP1 caused by ALV-J infection affect the cell cycle, leading to tumor formation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref75">75</xref>). Together, these studies contribute to our understanding of the complex relationship between miRNAs and ALV infections and provide potential targets to control ALV-associated diseases in chickens.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec9">
<title>Infectious bursal disease</title>
<p>The infectious bursal disease is a highly contagious and immunosuppressive viral disease that primarily affects young chickens by targeting the B cells in the Bursa of Fabricius (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref76">76</xref>). This disease is characterized by severe destruction of B lymphocytes, resulting in immunosuppression (lymphopenia) and increased susceptibility to secondary infections (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref77">77</xref>). An interaction between miRNAs and IBDV (Infectious Bursal Disease Virus) sheds light on the intricate regulatory mechanisms governing viral replication and host response. Inhibition of IBDV replication through miRNA delivery specific for VP1 and VP2 through a recombinant avian adeno-associated virus (rAAAV). Results suggested that rAAAV expressing VP1 and VP2-specific miRNAs is a potent inhibitor of IBDV replication (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref78">78</xref>). Bursal miRNA gga-miR-9 plays an important role in IBDV replication in SPF (Specific Pathogen Free) chickens. Increased expression of gga-miR-9 after infection inhibited interferon (IFN) production and promoted IBDV replication (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref79">79</xref>). Fu et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref80">80</xref>) showed that direct targeting of the IBDV genome by miR-130b prevents viral replication by reducing the expression of VP3 and SOCS5 (suppressor of cytokine signaling 5). Various miRNAs that play a significant role against IBDV, including gga-miR-130b-3p (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref80">80</xref>), gga-miR-454-3p (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref81">81</xref>), gga-miR-155-5p (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref82">82</xref>), gga-miR-27b-3p (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref83">83</xref>), and gga-miR-20b-5p (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref84">84</xref>), have been identified as antiviral factors inhibiting IBDV replication. On the other hand, viruses can exploit host miRNAs, including gga-miR-9-3p (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref79">79</xref>), gga-miR-2127-3p (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref85">85</xref>), gga-miR-142-5p (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref86">86</xref>), and gga-miR-16-5p (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref87">87</xref>) to enhance replication and spread infection. These above studies provide the complex relationship between miRNAs and IBDV, emphasizing host defense mechanisms and viral strategies to exploit host cellular mechanisms.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec10">
<title>Avian influenza disease</title>
<p>Avian influenza (AI) viruses, classified under the Influenza A genus and the Orthomyxoviridae family (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref88">88</xref>), pose a significant threat to the poultry industry (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref89">89</xref>). The two types of avian influenza viruses, namely high-pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref90">90</xref>), exhibit varying degrees of virulence and impact on poultry health. In order to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms behind the regulation of host responses to avian influenza infections, numerous studies have examined the role of miRNAs. These investigations have also helped to identify potential targets for therapeutic interventions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref91">91</xref>). AI-infected chickens have differentially expressed miRNAs in different organs. Using the molecular sequencing approach, Wang et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref92">92</xref>) discovered that 73 and 36 differentially expressed miRNAs were found in the lungs and trachea, respectively, in AI-infected chickens. Differentially expressed miRNAs are also associated with immunity. In chickens infected with AI, some of the miRNA candidates are controlling the host&#x2019;s mRNA response. Peng et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref93">93</xref>) identified differentially expressed miRNAs, including gga-miR146c, gga-miR-181a, gga-miR-181b, gga-miR-30b, gga-miR-30c, gga-miR-30e, and gga-miR-455, in chicken embryo fibroblasts related to immunity during AI infection. Wang et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref94">94</xref>) suggested that the targeted mRNA gene expressions of gga-miR-34a, gga-miR-122-1, gga-miR-122-2, gga-miR-146a, gga-miR-155, gga-miR-206, gga-miR-1719, gga-miR-1594, gga-miR-1599, and gga-miR-451 miRNAs are promising candidates for controlling the host response to AIV infection in the lungs, along with mRNA gene expression, MX1, IL-8, IRF-7, and TNFRS19. In a study investigating the spleen miRNA expression in H5N1 strain-infected chickens and ducks, Li et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref95">95</xref>) used high-throughput sequencing. This research revealed various miRNA expression patterns between the two avian species, shedding light on the underlying molecular mechanisms contributing to their distinct susceptibility to H5N1 avian influenza. The identified differences in miRNA expression suggest a potential role of these small regulatory molecules in modulating the host response to the virus. This information is crucial in deciphering the interactions between the avian influenza virus and its hosts, providing valuable insights into the species-specific variations in susceptibility and immune responses. The identification of specific miRNAs, including miR-146a, miR-146b, miR-205a, miR-205b, and miR-449, stands out as a noteworthy discovery with possible implications for treating avian influenza virus (AIV) infections in chickens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref96">96</xref>). The research suggests that these miRNAs could serve as promising candidates for developing novel antiviral agents or vaccine adjuvants. The identification of these miRNAs and their possible functions in regulating AIV infection opens avenues for more research into their modes of action and potential therapeutic applications. Utilizing the regulatory potential of miRNAs offers a targeted approach to mitigating the impact of AI, providing the opportunity for innovative strategies in poultry health management. Using miRNA-based interventions could be a breakthrough in creating efficient antiviral techniques to protect poultry populations as researchers continue to explore the functional features of these newly discovered miRNAs. A critical study of miRNA expression during H9N2 infection revealed important new information about the complex regulatory mechanisms in chicken dendritic cells (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref97">97</xref>). This study identified a total of 66 known and 36 novel differentially expressed miRNAs, shedding light on miRNA involvement in key signaling pathways such as endocytosis, p53, lysosome, RIG-I-like, and NOD-like receptor signaling pathways. The findings emphasize the multifaceted nature of the host response to H9N2 influenza infection, revealing specific miRNAs that play crucial roles in modulating these intricate cellular pathways. Understanding the molecular intricacies of H9N2 infection is important because this information could lead to the development of targeted treatments that enhance the host&#x2019;s antiviral defenses against a specific influenza subtype. In their exploration of the regulatory dynamics of miRNA during HPAIV H5N1 infection Vu et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref98">98</xref>) identified the role of gga-miR-26a-5p in infected chickens. Gga-miR-26a-5p was identified as a potential regulator of the melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) signaling pathway, a critical component of the innate immune system&#x2019;s detection mechanism for viral infections. The research identified the network of molecular interactions orchestrated by gga-miR-26a-5p during HPAIV H5N1 infection, emphasizing its potential as a therapeutic target or diagnostic marker. The elucidation of this miRNA role adds a valuable piece to the puzzle of host-virus interactions, providing insights that may contribute to the development of targeted strategies for mitigating the impact of highly pathogenic avian influenza in chickens. A recent study by Kang et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref99">99</xref>) identifying differentially expressed miRNAs in an H5N1-infected chicken cell line has revealed a set of key players associated with the progression of influenza A virus infection. The findings highlighted several miRNAs, including miR-22-3p, miR-146b-3p, miR-27b-3p, miR-128-3p, miR-2188-5p, miR-451, miR-205a, miR-203a, miR-21-3p, and miR-200a-3p, whose expression profiles were significantly changed in response to the viral challenge. The identification of these miRNAs suggests their potential roles as modulators of viral pathogenesis and host defense strategies.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec11">
<title>Chronic respiratory disease</title>
<p>One of the most important mycoplasmas that are commonly related to avian chronic respiratory diseases is <italic>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</italic> (MG) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref100">100</xref>), which causes acute inflammation in the lungs and trachea of chickens and turkeys (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref101">101</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref102">102</xref>). Zhao et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref103">103</xref>) identified miRNAs associated with MG infection in chicken lungs at 3 and 10&#x2009;days post-infection, revealing 45 and 68 differentially expressed miRNAs, respectively. These miRNAs were found to target numerous genes, playing regulatory roles in various signaling pathways, such as the JAK/STAT pathway, the focal adhesion regulatory pathways, the Wnt pathway, and the MAPK pathway. Chen et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref104">104</xref>) highlighted that gga-miR-101-3p expression was upregulated in DF-1 cells and chicken embryonic lung tissues infected with MG, leading to the arrest of the cell cycle. Zhao et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref105">105</xref>) highlighted the downregulation of gga-miR-99a and increased expression of SMARCA5 (a component in cancer resistance to substances that damage DNA) in MG-infected cells, suggesting a protective mechanism against MG infection. Yuan et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref106">106</xref>) revealed that MG infection upregulates miR-130b-3p, suppressing PTEN expression and promoting cell proliferation. Additionally Zhang et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref107">107</xref>), found that upregulation of gga-miR-146c in MG infection facilitates cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. The immune protein Let-7d acts as a defense mechanism against MG infection in chick embryos by inhibiting the MAPK pathway, reducing MG adhesion, inflammatory response, and cell death. These findings provide insights into the intricate molecular interactions of miRNA during MG infection, suggesting miRNAs could be a potential diagnostic indicator for the effective control and prevention of MG-related diseases in poultry.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec12">
<title>Chicken necrotic enteritis</title>
<p>Necrotic enteritis (NE) caused by <italic>Clostridium perfringens</italic> poses a significant threat to the poultry broiler industry (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref108">108</xref>). It is necessary to comprehend and understand the molecular mechanisms of how miRNA molecules regulate gene expression and various physiological and pathological processes during NE.</p>
<p>In NE-induced chickens, 12 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified using high-throughput sequencing of small RNA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref109">109</xref>). The upregulation of miR-215, miR-217, miR-194, miR-200a, miR-200b, miR-216a, miR-216b, and miR-429 in the intestine, as well as the upregulation of miR-34b and miR-1684 in the spleen, and downregulation of miR-1782 and miR-499 in the intestine. The upregulation of the above miRNAs in the intestine and in the spleen suggests a complex interplay of miRNAs in different tissues during NE. The studies by Truong et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref110">110</xref>) further emphasized the significance of miRNAs in NE by exploring their role in genetically distinct chicken lines infected with <italic>Clostridium perfringens</italic> and <italic>Eimeria maxima</italic>. They revealed six miRNAs (let-7c, miR-199, miR-200a, miR-200b, miR-429, and miR-499) targeting BMP7, indicating their potential involvement in the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-&#x03B2;) signaling pathway. Several studies provided insights into specific miRNAs, such as gga-miR-200a-3p and gga-miR-10a-5p, and their roles in regulating the MAPK signaling pathway and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway, respectively, in chickens during NE infection (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref111">111</xref>). These miRNAs could serve as a potential biomarker during NE and contribute to understanding the immune response in chicken lines susceptible to and resistant to Marek&#x2019;s disease (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref112">112</xref>). Additionally, Zhao et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref113">113</xref>) extended the investigation by analyzing the miRNA expression patterns during probiotic supplementation in broilers during subclinical NE. The identification of 57 differentially expressed miRNAs related to chicken immunity and inflammation responses provides a foundation for exploring therapeutic interventions and dietary strategies to mitigate the impact of NE on poultry health (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref113">113</xref>). Overall, these studies understand the complex interplay between miRNAs and the pathogenesis of NE. The identified miRNAs hold promise as diagnostic markers and potential tools for devising strategies to enhance poultry health and mitigate the economic losses associated with necrotic enteritis. Further research is warranted to unravel the regulatory networks and validate the practical applications of these miRNAs in poultry health management.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec13">
<title>miRNAs involved in swine diseases</title>
<p>miRNA research in swine diseases has significantly contributed to the identification of potential biomarkers for disease diagnosis, prevention, and control in the swine industry (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref114">114</xref>). The pioneering work by Sawera et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref115">115</xref>) marked an important milestone in this field by identifying the first porcine miRNA cluster miR-17-92, localized in chromosome 11. This discovery was achieved by using human miRNA data sequences as a reference and employing northern blot hybridization for expression analysis to provide the foundation for subsequent investigation into the roles of miRNAs in swine health.</p>
<p>The application of miRNA research to swine diseases has been critical for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying various health challenges in swine farming. The knowledge gained from such studies contributes to developing targeted interventions and strategies to enhance disease management in swine populations. Several major swine diseases have been subjects of miRNA research, furthering our comprehension of the interactions between miRNAs and disease pathogenesis. This ongoing research holds promise for identifying novel targets for disease intervention and implementing precision treatment approaches in swine farming practices. Some of the major swine diseases in relation to miRNA research are listed below (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
<fig position="float" id="fig3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<p>List ofmiRNAs dysregulation in swine diseases. Created with <ext-link xlink:href="http://Biorender.com" ext-link-type="uri">Biorender.com</ext-link> (accessed on 2 January 2024).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="fvets-11-1372961-g003.tif"/>
</fig>
<sec id="sec14">
<title>Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)</title>
<p>PRRS is a serious threat to the global swine industry, causing significant economic losses due to respiratory and reproductive failures in the swine population (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref116">116</xref>). With an estimated annual economic loss of USD 664 million in the US alone (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref117">117</xref>), understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying PRRS is crucial for developing effective strategies for disease diagnosis, prevention, and control. The comprehensive analysis of miRNA expression during PRRS infection has revealed a complex regulatory network influencing the course of the disease. Illumina deep-sequencing demonstrated significant alterations in miRNA profiles in porcine alveolar macrophages infected with PRRSV, showing the dynamic nature of host miRNA responses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref118">118</xref>). Important findings include the differentially expressed miRNAs miR-30a-3p, miR-132, miR-27b, miR-146a, and miR-9-2 suggesting their involvement in signaling pathways critical for immune system activation. The therapeutic potential of miRNAs in combating PRRSV has been highlighted by Guo et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref119">119</xref>), where the administration of miR-181 exhibited antiviral efficacy by reducing viral load and alleviating fever. These findings open avenues for exploring miRNAs as novel antiviral strategies against PRRS. Additionally, miR-125b was identified as a key regulator that inhibits PRRSV replication by suppressing NF-kB activation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref120">120</xref>). The discovery of miR-23, miR-378, miR-505 as antiviral factors further underscores the regulatory role of miRNAs in host defense mechanisms against PRRS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref121">121</xref>). Further studies into miR-26a and miR-30c inhibiting viral replication while miR-22 facilitates it reveal the dual role of miRNAs in the host-virus interaction (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref122">122</xref>). In this study, miR-26a pre-treatment inhibited PRRSV replication and cytopathic effects in MARC-145 cells for 120+ hours. A study reported that miR-30c is upregulated in PRRS by NF-kB activation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref123">123</xref>). Studies with miR-373, miR-10a-5p, and miR-218 during PRRSV infection revealed their distinct regulatory roles, potential targets for therapeutic interventions, and biomarker identification (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref124 ref125 ref126">124&#x2013;126</xref>). Moreover, miR-376-3p was implicated in impairing anti-PRRSV activity, emphasizing its significance in influencing viral replication dynamics (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref127">127</xref>). Further, more research exploring miR-c89, miR-142-3p, and their roles in preventing PRRSV entry into porcine alveolar macrophages provides promising avenues for therapeutic development (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref128">128</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref129">129</xref>). Moreover, recent investigations into miRNAs associated with immune-related genes, including CTLA4 and SAMHD1, and their associated miRNAs, LncRNAs, and circRNA offer potential targets for controlling PRRSV infections (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref130">130</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref131">131</xref>). The multifaceted roles of miRNAs in PRRS indicate their significance in regulating host-pathogen interactions.</p>
<p>Continued research in this field promises to enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind PRRSV infections, ultimately facilitating the development of effective strategies for disease management in swine populations.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec15">
<title>Swine influenza</title>
<p>Swine influenza caused by influenza A virus is a highly contagious respiratory disease with substantial implications for animal welfare and agricultural economies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref132">132</xref>). For the purpose of developing efficient control measures, it is essential to understand the molecular responses that occur during swine influenza infections, especially those involving miRNAs. In pigs, in-depth studies of miRNA expression profiles in the lungs provide insight into the complex host-virus interactions and possible functions of miRNAs in immune response modulation. Skovgaard et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref132">132</xref>) studied the miRNA expression in pigs experimentally infected with the H1N2 strain and identified differentially expressed miRNAs (miR-15a, miR-21, miR-146, miR-206, miR-223, and miR-451) compared to the control group. These miRNAs may serve as key regulators during swine influenza, influencing host responses to the viral infection. The study by Jiang et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref133">133</xref>) provided insights into the dynamic changes in miRNA expression in porcine alveolar macrophages during the H1N1 SwIV virus infection. They found that most host miRNAs were downregulated during the acute phase, which contributed to the defense against H1N1 SwIV infection. However, during the recovery phase, miRNA expression levels gradually return to normal to prevent excessive lung damage. Huang et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref134">134</xref>) identified 50 spleen miRNAs that were affected by the A/Swine/GD/2/12 (H1N1) virus. Notably, miR-124-3p was upregulated and associated with innate immune-related pathways such as the Toll-like receptor pathway, RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, and JAK&#x2013;STAT signaling pathway, suggesting its significant role in the anti-inflammatory response during swine influenza. Zhang et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref135">135</xref>) studies highlighted the antiviral roles of ssc-miR-204 and ssc-miR-4331 targeting viral components to inhibit replication of the swine H1N1/2009 Influenza A virus. These miRNAs play a crucial role in restricting cross-species infection, showing their potential as therapeutic targets for the influenza A virus. Brogaard et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref136">136</xref>) discovered miRNAs (ssc-miR-15a, ssc-miR-18a, ssc-miR-21, ssc-miR-29b, and hsa-miR-590-3p) in the lung tissue of pigs infected with the H1N2 strain of the Influenza A virus. These miRNAs, including known and novel candidates, may act as modulators for viral pathogen recognition and apoptosis, influencing the course of swine influenza. In addition, according to a study by Song et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref137">137</xref>), swine miRNAs, such as miR-221-3p and miR-222, were found to hinder the replication and infection of avian influenza in PAM cells by directly targeting the viral genome. These miRNAs can have the capability of inducing cell apoptosis by inhibiting the anti-apoptotic protein HMBOX1 expression, showing a multifaceted role in the host defense against influenza viruses.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec16">
<title>Salmonellosis</title>
<p><italic>Salmonella enterica</italic> serovar Typhimurium, a causative agent of gastroenteritis in both humans and animals, poses a substantial threat to public health, particularly through its ability to colonize pigs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref138">138</xref>). Salmonella-carrying pigs have become a significant concern, as it not only leads to enterocolitis but also presents a risk of bacterial transmission to pork during slaughter, potentially posing a significant health risk to humans (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref139">139</xref>). Understanding the involvement of these miRNAs provides insights into the host&#x2019;s defense against Salmonella and the intricate interplay between miRNAs and signaling pathways. Huang et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref140">140</xref>) identified a critical link between miR-155 expression and persistent shedding of Salmonella in pigs, emphasizing the role of microRNA regulation in the host response to Salmonella infection. This downregulation of miR-155 may contribute to establishing and maintaining Salmonella carrier status in pigs. A microarray analysis study by Hoeke et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref141">141</xref>), examined miRNA-mRNA interactions in Salmonella-infected piglet intestines. Their findings highlighted the role of miR-29a in controlling the growth of intestinal epithelial cells by targeting caveolin-2, a focal adhesion protein. This indicates the complex regulatory mechanisms of miRNA involved in the host&#x2019;s response to Salmonella infection. Yao et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref142">142</xref>) identified the key players in the Salmonella infection signaling pathway, including miR-221 (FOS), miR-125b (MAPK14), and miR-27b (IFNG). A study by Huang et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref143">143</xref>), explored the peripheral blood miRNA expression profile after <italic>Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium</italic> infection revealed that 29 miRNAs had different expressions. In addition, studies with miR-146a induction on the fecal bacterial load in pigs suggest its potential role in modulating the fecal bacterial load in pigs during Salmonella infection (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref144">144</xref>). Further, the functional analysis of porcine miR-194a-5p, analogous to human miR-194-5p, revealed its significant role in regulating the expression of the TLR4 gene. This TLR4 gene is a critical component in recognizing and activating innate immunity in Salmonella infection, emphasizing the pivotal role of miRNAs in combating pathogen virulence.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec17">
<title>Other swine diseases</title>
<p>Several pathogens pose significant threats to the swine industry, causing diseases that affect pig health and overall productivity. Some of the impacts of miRNAs in the context of infections caused by <italic>E. coli</italic> F18, <italic>Clostridium perfringens</italic> type C, the porcine whipworm <italic>Trichuris suis</italic>, <italic>Toxoplasma gondii</italic>, and <italic>Porcine Circovirus</italic> (PCV).</p>
<p>Ye et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref145">145</xref>) identified 12 differentially expressed miRNAs associated <italic>with E coli</italic> F18 infection in piglets. This study proved that these 12 miRNAs are not only involved in immune response and transcriptional regulation but could also serve as disease markers against <italic>E. coli</italic> F18. In the regulatory network of miRNAs in response to bacterial infections, Wu et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref146">146</xref>) suggested miR-218-3p as a potential miRNA involved in an <italic>E. coli</italic> F18 infection targeting DLG5. <italic>Clostridium perfringens</italic> type C is a major pathogen causing diarrhea in piglets. Wang et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref147">147</xref>) compared miRNA expression profiles in control, susceptible, and resistant groups, identifying specific miRNA-target gene pairs associated with resistance. These findings suggest that these miRNA-target gene pairs may provide resistance against <italic>C. perfringens</italic> type C infection in piglets. This discovery provides valuable insights into the genetic basis and potential markers for resistance. Against <italic>C. perfringens</italic> type C infection in piglets.</p>
<p>The porcine whipworm (<italic>Trichuris suis</italic>) induces higher expression of ssc-let-7d-3p (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref148">148</xref>). Similarly, <italic>Toxoplasma gondii</italic> infection alters microRNA expression profiles in porcine alveolar macrophages. The study identified 81 miRNAs with different expressions and targeted genes involved in various signaling pathways, such as Fc&#x03B3;R-mediated phagocytosis, the AMPK signaling pathway, the mTOR signaling pathway, and the Fc&#x03B3;RI signaling pathway (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref149">149</xref>). Further, the study revealed that miR-664-5p, miR-451, and miR-15a are promising miRNA candidates for <italic>Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae</italic> infection (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref150">150</xref>).</p>
<p>Porcine circovirus causes post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), a major swine disease worldwide. Zhao et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref151">151</xref>) found that PCV-infected pigs had elevated levels of miR-122, miR-451, miR-486, and miR-192 in the lungs while downregulating miR-504. miR-122 has the ability to control the expression of PCV protein and viral DNA replication in PK15 cells, emphasizing its role in regulating viral replication (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref152">152</xref>). Li et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref153">153</xref>) examined the interaction between differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs during PCV infection and identified some miRNAs that disrupted cellular inflammatory responses. This study demonstrated the impact of PCV infection on host miRNAs and mRNA expression.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec18">
<title>miRNAs involved in cattle diseasess</title>
<sec id="sec19">
<title>Bovine viral diarrhea</title>
<p>Bovine viral diarrhea is an immunosuppressive disease affecting both the dairy and beef industries, leading to substantial economic losses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref154">154</xref>). The causative agent, Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), is a Pesti virus responsible for the onset of BVD (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref155">155</xref>). In 2014, a novel miRNA study (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref156">156</xref>), on Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells (MDBK) elucidated the important molecular mechanisms underlying BVDV infection. This research highlighted the role of various miRNAs, such as bta-miR-29b, in regulating apoptotic pathways (caspase-7) and nuclear apoptosis-inducing factor 1 (NAIF1), suppressing BVDV replication by decreasing the availability of viral envelope glycoprotein E1 mRNA and regulating autophagy-associated proteins, ATG14 and ATG9A (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref157">157</xref>). Subsequent studies into the anti-viral effect were achieved by targeting specific genes and silencing DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferase 1 (DNMT 1), leading to enhanced miR-29b expression and thereby inhibiting BVDV replication (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref158">158</xref>). Additional miRNAs, such as bta-miR-2411, bta-miR-2904, contribute to regulating BVDV replication by repressing the Pelota on 3&#x2019;UTRs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref159">159</xref>). However, not all miRNAs show promise as biomarkers, as has been demonstrated by the limited use of bta-miR-423-5p, bta-miR-151-3p in BVDV infection. The expression pattern in BVDV-challenged calves of miR-423-5p was upregulated during early infection in the serum, but by the end of the study, there was no variation between the challenged and control groups (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref160">160</xref>). The contribution of argonaute 2 and host miR-on BVDV replication further determined the complexity of the host-virus interactions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref161">161</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec20">
<title>Foot and mouth disease (FMD)</title>
<p>Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious and economically significant viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, including cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref162">162</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref163">163</xref>). The causative agent foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) belongs to the Aphthovirus genus within the Picornaviridae family (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref164">164</xref>). The disease is characterized by vesicular lesions on the animals&#x2019; feet and mouths, leading to significant economic losses in affected regions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref162">162</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref163">163</xref>). Understanding the dynamics of miRNA expression during different phases of FMDV infection is critical for developing targeted interventions due to the virus&#x2019;s transmissibility and devastating impact.</p>
<p>Chang et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref165">165</xref>) conducted a promising approach by using dual-miRNA consisting of two miRNA hairpin structures for efficient inhibition of FMDV replication. An <italic>in-vitro</italic> study with co-transfection of BHK-21 cells targeting the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) was considered a more efficient strategy than single miRNA sequences, suggesting the potential use of this approach for both <italic>in-vitro</italic> and <italic>in-vivo</italic> antiviral applications. This study opens opportunities for further exploration into the development of therapeutic interventions based on miRNA modulation.</p>
<p>In the investigation of identifying differential miRNA profiling during subclinical FMDV persistence Stenfeldt et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref166">166</xref>) discovered that during acute infection and persistence infection phases, they exhibit different expression patterns for bta-miR-17-5p, bta-miR-31, and miR-1281. The dynamic nature of host miRNA responses during FMDV infection, linked to various stages of infection, could potentially serve as markers for disease progression and persistence. Basagoudanavar et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref167">167</xref>) provided further insights into the host response by examining serum miRNA expression in cattle during FMDV serotype O infection. The significant upregulation of 39 miRNAs with 9 miRNAs matching the genome sequence of FMDV serotype O highlights the relationship between host miRNA and the infecting virus. This suggests a potential role for these miRNAs in modulating host responses to FMDV infection.</p>
<p>Despite these advancements, challenges remain in translating these findings into practical applications. The complexity of host-virus interactions demands further research to understand the specific roles of individual miRNAs and their target genes. Additionally, the development of antiviral strategies based on miRNA modulation requires careful consideration of potential off-target effects and safety concerns. Moreover, the dynamic nature of FMDV and the diversified serotypes pose challenges for developing universal treatment approaches. Future studies should explore the broader application of identified miRNAs across different FMDV strains and investigate their potential as broad-spectrum antiviral agents.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec21">
<title>Brucellosis</title>
<p>Brucella, a genus of gram-negative, intracellular bacteria, poses a significant impact on ruminants and causes abortions and early embryonic deaths (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref168">168</xref>). Ruminants are mostly infected with <italic>B. abortus</italic>, and small ruminants are infected with <italic>B. melitensis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref169">169</xref>). Modulation of miRNA expression has emerged as a key player in identifying the relationship between Brucella and host cellular mechanisms, including the persistence of chronic infections. A luciferase assay was used to explore the interaction between miR-1981 and its target genes Bcl-2 and Bid in <italic>B. melitensis</italic>-induced RAW264.7 cells (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref170">170</xref>). The findings demonstrated an upregulation of the luciferase activity of psiCHECK-2 Bcl-2 3&#x2032; UTR by miR-1981 c, suggesting that Brucella modifies miRNA expression to establish a chronic infection in the host.</p>
<p>In a study by Lecchi et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref171">171</xref>), next-generation sequencing and RT-PCR were used to identify 20 dysregulated miRNAs in the blood serum and vaginal fluids of water buffaloes infected with <italic>B. abortus</italic>. Notably, miR-let-7f, miR-151, miR-30e, miR-191, miR-150, and miR-339b in vaginal fluids were identified as potential biomarkers for brucellosis. This discovery holds promise for the development of diagnostic tools for the early detection and monitoring of brucellosis in ruminants.</p>
<p>Singh et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref172">172</xref>) used small RNA sequencing on blood samples from Brucellosis-positive and Johne&#x2019;s disease-positive and healthy groups using an Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine (PGM) sequencer and validated for differential expression of miRNAs. Their findings revealed specific miRNA expression patterns associated with brucellosis. Bta-miR-1434-5p, &#x2212;&#x2009;188 and &#x2212;200c were up-regulated, while bta-miR-27a-5p, &#x2212;34b, and -2285x were down-regulated. These differentially expressed miRNAs may play critical roles in the host response to Brucella infection and could serve as potential biomarkers in diagnostic applications.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec22">
<title>Tuberculosis (TB)</title>
<p>TB in cattle is a chronic disease mainly caused by the <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic> complex, primarily <italic>M. bovis</italic>, <italic>M. caprae</italic>, and, to a lesser extent, <italic>M. tuberculosis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref173">173</xref>). <italic>In vitro</italic> study using J774a.1 and murine bone marrow monocyte-derived macrophage (BMDM) cells treated with <italic>M. bovis</italic>. This study revealed that upregulated miR-199a regulates the innate immune response by silencing the target TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). This mechanism inhibits the maturation of autophagosomes and contributes to the intracellular survival of <italic>M. bovis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref174">174</xref>).</p>
<p>Iannaccone et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref175">175</xref>) explored the potential use of miR-146a as a biomarker in milk samples infected with TB. This study suggested that miR-146a, as a non-invasive biomarker in milk samples, offers a promising avenue for early detection and prognosis in TB-infected cattle.</p>
<p>Fu et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref176">176</xref>) reported elevated levels of miR-325-3p in <italic>M. tuberculosis</italic> infection. They identified that the ligand of numb-protein X 1 (LNX1), an E3 ubiquitin ligase of NIMA-related expressed kinase 6 (NEK6), leads to aberrant accumulation of NEK6-stimulated STAT3 signaling and prevents apoptosis. This process facilitates the intracellular survival of <italic>M. tuberculosis,</italic> providing the cellular mechanism used by <italic>M. bovis</italic> to evade host immune responses. Inflammatory dermal exudates from water buffaloes were injected with purified protein derivatives of <italic>M. bovis</italic> (PPD-B) and purified protein derivatives of <italic>M. avium</italic> (PPD-A) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref177">177</xref>). This study identified that miR-148a-3p is highly expressed in the <italic>M. bovis</italic> group compared to the <italic>M. avium</italic> group. This miR-148a-3p was found to downregulate the host&#x2019;s inflammatory responses, potentially promoting the survival of <italic>M. bovis</italic> within the host.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec23">
<title>Johne&#x2019;s disease</title>
<p><italic>Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis</italic> (MAP) is responsible for Johne&#x2019;s disease in cattle, a chronic, highly contagious disease that primarily targets the small intestine of ruminants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref178">178</xref>). This disease causes intestinal thickening, decreasing absorption of nutrients, causing diarrhea, weight loss, and ultimately increasing the death rate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref179">179</xref>). The interplay between MAP and macrophages is a key determinant in the progression of disease (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref180">180</xref>). Earlier studies identifying potential miRNA expression, miR-21, and miR-150 in bovine alveolar macrophages (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref181">181</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref182">182</xref>) played pivotal roles in regulating antimicrobial peptide expression, immune responses, and apoptosis in macrophages during MAP infection. Further research identified that more miRNAs, such as bta-mir-19b, bta-mir-19b2, bta-mir-1271, and miRNA 14-7917, were differentially expressed in serologically positive MAP groups and unexposed groups (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref183">183</xref>). Further studies identified miRNAs such as miR-1976, miR-873-3p, miR-520f-3p, and miR-126-3p as potential biomarkers to differentiate healthy and severely MAP-infected animals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref49">49</xref>). These above miRNAs could potentially differentiate healthy animals from those severely infected with MAP during early disease detection. Further blood small RNA sample sequencing by Singh et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref172">172</xref>) identified more miRNAs:bta-miR-1434-5p, &#x2212;&#x2009;2,340, and &#x2212;2,484 in the Johne&#x2019;s disease-positive group.</p>
<p>High-throughput sequencing Wang et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref184">184</xref>) identified the patterns of miRNA expression in macrophages challenged with MAP infection. miR-150 was found to target programmed cell death protein-4 (PDCD4) and macrophage apoptosis.</p>
<p>Understanding the manipulation of host lipid metabolism and miRNA expression during MAP infection in murine and bovine macrophage cell lines Wright et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref185">185</xref>) indicated that MAP controls miRNA expression to facilitate intracellular persistence within the host. Exogenous lipid administration altered the miRNA&#x2019;s expression with miR-19a, miR-129, miR-24, and miR-24-3p suggesting these miRNAs are involved in regulating the cellular response to MAP infection.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec24">
<title>miRNAs involved in small ruminant diseases</title>
<p>Research on miRNA in these animals has predominantly focused on developmental and physiological aspects. However, emerging studies showed miRNA involvement in various diseases affecting small ruminants. In this discussion, we explore the role of miRNAs in bluetongue (BT), peste des petits ruminants (PPR), and scrapie, highlighting the potential for miRNAs as biomarkers in disease diagnosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
<fig position="float" id="fig4">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption>
<p>List ofmiRNAs dysregulation in ruminant diseases. Created with <ext-link xlink:href="http://Biorender.com" ext-link-type="uri">Biorender.com</ext-link> (accessed on 3 January 2024).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="fvets-11-1372961-g004.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec id="sec25">
<title>Bluetongue (BT)</title>
<p>An insect-borne viral disease economically impacts the sheep farming industry. An <italic>in vitro</italic> study on the <italic>Aedes albopictus</italic> cell line treated with BT virus identified 140 dysregulated miRNAs, comprising 15 known and 125 novel miRNAs, with 414 and 2,307 annotated target genes, respectively (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref186">186</xref>). Further deep sequencing identified the differentially expressed miRNA in BT virus-infected sheep testicular cells (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref187">187</xref>). They found 25 known and 240 novel candidates and 8,428 predicted target genes, respectively. Recently, a whole transcriptome genomic analysis was done by Lu et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref188">188</xref>) in the embryonic sheep testicular cells treated with the BT virus, which identified 78 differentially expressed miRNAs along with several other circular RNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and mRNAs.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec26">
<title>Peste des-petits ruminant (PPR)</title>
<p>Peste des-petits ruminant (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease caused by the morbillivirus in small ruminants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref189">189</xref>). A species-wise study in sheep and goats investigated the differentially expressed miRNA in PPR virus-infected lung and spleen tissues (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref190">190</xref>). Amongst these differentially expressed miRNAs, 20 and 11 were common among sheep and goats in spleen and lung tissues, respectively. miR-21-3p, miR-1246, miR-27a-5p, miR-760-3p, miR-320a, and miR-363 are differentially expressed and regulate immune response signaling pathways, with more significance in goats than in sheep.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec27">
<title>Scrapie</title>
<p>Scrapie, or transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE), a prion disease in sheep and goats, affects the nervous system (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref191">191</xref>). Plasma from a clinical case of sheep that has pathognomonic symptoms of scrapie was investigated for scrapie-associated miRNA expression by Sanz Rubio et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref192">192</xref>) and found miR-342-3p and miR-21-5p are significantly altered with TSE infection. Studies by L&#x00F3;pez-P&#x00E9;rez et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref193">193</xref>) detected differential miRNA expression in plasma as well as cerebrospinal fluid in the classical scrapie sheep, emphasizing the high expression of miR-342-3p, miR-146a-5p, miR-128-3p, and miR-21-5p in CSF. While these studies provide a deep understanding of miRNA involvement in diseases affecting small ruminants, there is a need for increased research on other diseases like hydatidosis and tumor-causing viruses.</p>
<p>Further exploration of miRNA signatures in diverse diseases will contribute to developing miRNAs as potential biomarkers for disease diagnosis and management in small ruminants.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec28">
<title>MicroRNA and mycotoxins</title>
<p>miRNA expression is often influenced by the ongoing battle between infectious agents, such as viruses or bacteria, and the host immune system (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref194">194</xref>). The host defense mechanisms, including viruses and bacteria, are critical in shaping the miRNA expression profile during infections (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref195">195</xref>). The host-pathogen interactions modulating miRNA expression to regulate various cellular pathways, such as immune responses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref196">196</xref>), apoptosis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref197">197</xref>), and inflammation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref198">198</xref>), play a critical role in regulating gene expression and act as key players in host-pathogen interactions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref199">199</xref>). However, the changes in miRNA expression observed in response to mycotoxin exposure are primarily a reflection of the body&#x2019;s response to toxins rather than a direct interaction with an infectious agent (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref200">200</xref>). These changes may involve miRNAs regulating processes related to detoxification, stress responses, and tissue damage repair.</p>
<p>Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi that contaminate feed and pose a threat to animals and humans (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref201">201</xref>). Contaminated feed can introduce mycotoxins such as aflatoxin (AFB), ochratoxin (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin B1 (FB1), and T2 toxin into the food chain. It is estimated that three types of mycotoxins (aflatoxins, fumonisins, and deoxynivalenol) result in an annual economic impact of approximately 900 million US dollars in the United States (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref202">202</xref>). Mycotoxins can cause damage to the kidneys and liver suppress the immune system, and have the potential to cause cancer, mutations, and birth defects (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref203">203</xref>). Mycotoxins can induce toxic effects by targeting the expression levels of miRNAs within the cells. miRNAs play a critical role in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, which can lead to significant cellular changes.</p>
<p>Despite the establishment of guidelines by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on the permissible levels of major mycotoxins in animal feed, the presence of subclinical doses of mycotoxins, either alone or in combination, has been shown to induce metabolic and immunologic disturbances (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref204">204</xref>). The presence of mycotoxins in the gastrointestinal tract of animals compromises gut health and integrity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref205">205</xref>), and their presence will increase the severity of diseases such as coccidiosis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref206">206</xref>) and necrotic enteritis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref204">204</xref>) and increase the susceptibility to bacterial diseases like salmonellosis in poultry (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref207">207</xref>), leading to substantial economic losses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref208">208</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref209">209</xref>). The current challenge lies in the lack of biomarkers for farm animals that can accurately quantify mycotoxin exposure and toxicity in real time. Instead, damage assessment is often retrospective, based on decreased production parameters, highlighting the immediate need for biomarkers to detect early mycotoxicosis.</p>
<p>The metabolization of mycotoxins into various degradation derivatives within the host and the traditional methods of quantification of these mycotoxins and their metabolites in feces, urine, plasma/serum/blood, tissues, and animal products act as biomarkers of mycotoxicosis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref210">210</xref>). Techniques such as liquid chromatography&#x2013;tandem mass spectrometry (LC&#x2013;MS/MS) and LC-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), while useful, have their drawbacks, particularly in detecting phase I and II mycotoxin metabolites and interaction products for which commercial standards are not available (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref211">211</xref>). In the identification of serum sphinganine to sphingosine ratio as a biomarker of fumonisin toxicity in poultry, the major concern is that although mycotoxin was identified in the feed, liver, and muscle of birds, the birds had no clinical signs of toxicity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref212 ref213 ref214 ref215">212&#x2013;215</xref>). Mycotoxins have been shown to cause decreased serum immunoglobulin levels and serum protein levels, increased liver pro-inflammatory cytokines, and apoptotic death in the liver (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref216">216</xref>). Hence, gut inflammatory markers and apoptosis-related markers could be potential biomarkers for identifying mycotoxicosis. However, the dependence on mycotoxin contents in the feed and liver as a biomarker highlights the challenges in accurately predicting mycotoxicosis and its impact on food safety and animal health.</p>
<p>In recent years, miRNAs have emerged as a new class of biomarkers with the potential to revolutionize the monitoring of toxicity and disease processes in farm animals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">5</xref>). The ability of miRNAs to exhibit alterations before pathophysiological changes make them desirable molecular biomarkers responsive to acute environmental cues (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref217">217</xref>). Differential expression of miRNAs such as miR-27b, miR-21-5b, and miR-31-59 in response to mycotoxin exposure illustrates their potential as multipurpose biomarkers in toxicodynamics (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref218">218</xref>). This novel approach to biomonitoring mycotoxin toxicity in poultry and potentially other farm animals is promising but needs to be explored, offering a valuable tool for tracking subclinical mycotoxin toxicity and disease severity in real-time.</p>
<p>Several studies have indicated that mycotoxins can affect important signaling pathways, including MAPK, Wnt, p53, and inflammatory reactions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref219">219</xref>). Altered miRNA expression in relation to a specific mycotoxin is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">Table 3</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap position="float" id="tab3">
<label>Table 3</label>
<caption>
<p>MicroRNAs (miRNAs) linked to mycotoxins in various tissues with their target genes and biological effects.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="top">Mycotoxin</th>
<th align="left" valign="top">Cell line / animals</th>
<th align="left" valign="top">Target organ</th>
<th align="left" valign="top">Upregulated miRNA</th>
<th align="left" valign="top">Downregulated miRNA</th>
<th align="left" valign="top">miRNA target gene</th>
<th align="left" valign="top">Biological effect</th>
<th align="center" valign="top">References</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="10">OTA</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Pig</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Kidney</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-497<break/>miR-133a-3p<break/>miR-423-3p<break/>miR-34a<break/>miR-542-3p</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-421-3p<break/>miR-490<break/>miR-9840-3p</td>
<td/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">p53 signaling pathway, Cancer, immunity</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref217">217</xref>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">GC-2</td>
<td/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-146<break/>miR-122</td>
<td/>
<td/>
<td/>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref218">218</xref>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">HepG2</td>
<td/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-122</td>
<td/>
<td/>
<td/>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref219">219</xref>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Male F344 rats</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">kidney</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-141</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-129<break/>miR-130a/<break/>miR-130b</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Dcn<break/>Lgfbp3 Sepp1<break/>Colla2 Edem1</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Cell cycle/<break/>Selenium Homeostasis</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref220">220</xref>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">HEK293 cells</td>
<td/>
<td/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miRNA-29b</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">COL1A1<break/>COL3A1<break/>COL4A1</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Collagen formation</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref221">221</xref>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">LLC-PK1 cell line</td>
<td/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-132<break/>miR-200c</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-17<break/>miR-192</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Nrf2<break/>HO-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Cell proliferation<break/>Increase ROS</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref222">222</xref>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">GC-2 cell</td>
<td/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-122</td>
<td/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">CCNG1<break/>Bcl-w</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Cell apoptosis</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref218">218</xref>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">HEK293 cells</td>
<td/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-148a</td>
<td/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">PXR</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Nutrient metabolism</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref223">223</xref>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Male F344 rats</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Liver</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-92a-3p<break/>miR-126a-3p<break/>miR-92b-3p<break/>miR-3596c</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-19a-3p<break/>miR-19b-3p<break/>miR-29b-3p<break/>miR-532-5p</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Sds<break/>Ass1</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Cysteine &#x0026; Methionine metabolism</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref224">224</xref>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Zebrafish</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">kidney</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-731<break/>miR462</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-129</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">PRLRa</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">p-STAT5<break/>p-AKT</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref225">225</xref>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Mice</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Colon</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-155-5p</td>
<td/>
<td/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Inhibition of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein &#x03B2; (C/EBP&#x03B2;), Smad2/3 accumulation and intestinal fibrosis</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref226">226</xref>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="11">AFB1</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">F334 rats</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Liver</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-34a-5p<break/>miR-200b-3p<break/>miR-429</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-130a-3p</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">CCND1<break/>CCNE2<break/>MET</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Inhibition of cell cycle</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref227">227</xref>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">HepG2</td>
<td/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-34a</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-1307</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">&#x03B2;-Catenin</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Tumor suppressor activity</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref228">228</xref>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">BEAS-2B cell</td>
<td/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-370</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-138-1<break/>miR-708<break/>miR-1271<break/>miR-296-3p</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">PDK1</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Tumor suppressor activity</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref229">229</xref>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">L02 cells</td>
<td/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Has-miR-33b-3p</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Has-miR-3613-5p</td>
<td/>
<td/>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref230">230</xref>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">PMH</td>
<td/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">mmu-miR-301b-3p</td>
<td/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Papss2</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Cell cycle arrest, DNA damage</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref231">231</xref>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">QSG7701cells/SMMC-7721cells/HepG2/HCCLM3</td>
<td/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-24</td>
<td/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">NO</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Cell proliferation &#x0026; inhibit cell apoptosis</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref232">232</xref>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">HepaRG cells</td>
<td/>
<td/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-122</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">HNF4A</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Disruption of liver homeostasis</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref233">233</xref>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Chang liver/HepG2/Bel7404/AGS/HeLa cell lines</td>
<td/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-33a</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">/</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">&#x03B2;-Catenin</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Cell proliferation &#x0026; cancer generation</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref234">234</xref>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">HepG2 cell lines</td>
<td/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-34a</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">/</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">&#x03B2;-Catenin</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Liver tumorigenesis</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref228">228</xref>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">H-4-II-E cell line</td>
<td/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">rno-miR-34a-5p</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">/</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">p53</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">DNA damage</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref227">227</xref>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">B-2A13 cell</td>
<td/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">/</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-138-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">PDK1</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Inhibit proliferation and migration</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref229">229</xref>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="4">ZEN</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">PGCs</td>
<td/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-744<break/>miR-1343<break/>miR-331-3p</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">/</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Pak4<break/>Elk1</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Impaired apoptosis</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref235">235</xref>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">TM3</td>
<td/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-21a-5p</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-10b-5p<break/>miR-10a-5p</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Cyclin D1<break/>Cdk4</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Cell proliferation</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref236">236</xref>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Porcine</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">uterus</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-424-5p<break/>miR-450a<break/>miR-450b-5p<break/>miR-450C-5P<break/>miR-503<break/>miR-542-3p</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-181c<break/>miR-187<break/>miR-335</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">/</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Cell cycle</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref214">214</xref>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Porcine primary cells</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Pituitary primary cells</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-7</td>
<td/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">ELK1, FOS, GATA2, MAPKAPK2</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Inhibits FSH synthesis and secretion</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref237">237</xref>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">DON</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">IPEC-J2</td>
<td/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-330</td>
<td/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">MAPK15</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">cytotoxicity of DON</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref238">238</xref>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">IPEC-J2</td>
<td/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-185</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-92a<break/>miR-221<break/>miR-148a<break/>miR-222</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">PTEN</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref239">239</xref>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">ZEN&#x2009;+&#x2009;DON</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">HepG2</td>
<td/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-221</td>
<td/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">BAX, Caspase-3, IL-1&#x03B2;, IL-6</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">ROS level</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref240">240</xref>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">FB1</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">HepG2</td>
<td/>
<td/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR-135b<break/>miR-181d<break/>miR-27a<break/>miR-27b<break/>miR-30c</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">CYP1B1</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Hepatic neoplastic transformation</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref241">241</xref>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Sporodesmin A</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">HepG2</td>
<td/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">miR 371&#x2013;373 cluster</td>
<td/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">CYP450</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Detoxification response</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref242">242</xref>)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<sec id="sec29">
<title>Studies on miRNA and mycotoxins in farm animals</title>
<p>Studies investigating the relationship between mycotoxins and miRNAs in farm animals have revealed connections between mycotoxin exposure and miRNA expression. These findings provide a better understanding of the potential mechanisms of toxicity and cellular response.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec30">
<title>Chickens</title>
<p>Mycotoxins are normally present in common poultry feed ingredients (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref246">246</xref>). Corn is the primary source of feed (up to 65&#x2013;70% of the diet) and is often contaminated with multiple mycotoxins. The presence of multiple mycotoxins in feed causes significant economic losses by lowering productivity even at subclinical doses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref247">247</xref>). There has been limited research on the impact of mycotoxin on chicken miRNA expression. Given the global public health concern associated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), particularly due to its carcinogenic properties, understanding the molecular events triggered by this mycotoxin is significantly important. The study by Liu et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref248">248</xref>) contributed critical information to the poultry industry and provided an opportunity for more investigation into the function of miRNAs, non-coding RNAs, and protein-coding genes in AFB1 toxicity in chickens. This study identified a specific long non-coding RNA [lncRNA (TU10057)] and miRNAs (gga-miR-301a-3p, gga-miR-301b-3p) associated with fat storage regulation in the liver. This suggests that the AFB1 toxin may induce changes in the expression of these molecules, leading to alterations in lipid metabolism and contributing to the development of a fatty liver. Another set of molecules, including lncRNA (TU45776) and miRNA gga-miR-190a-3p, along with the Bcl-6 gene, trigger responses leading to apoptosis in liver cells.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec31">
<title>Swine</title>
<p>Mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA), pose a significant threat to animal health, particularly in pigs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref249">249</xref>). Segura-Wang et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref250">250</xref>) identified four miRNAs (ssc-miR-16, ssc-miR-128, ssc-miR-451, and ssc-miR-205) as candidates for detecting DON toxicity in porcine serum and as potential biomarkers for toxin detection and addressing pathways that have been disrupted related to cell proliferation and survival. Zearalenone (ZEA) is a non-steroidal mycotoxin produced by Fusarium fungi. All farm animals, especially female pigs, are highly sensitive to the ZEA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref251">251</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref252">252</xref>). A study by Brzuzan et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref253">253</xref>) showed the alterations of miRNA pairs during ZEA exposure. A significant alteration in miR-21&#x2009;+&#x2009;miR-192 and miR-15a&#x2009;+&#x2009;miR-34a pairs in the ascending colon of immature gilts suggests disruptions in cell proliferation and survival pathways. Further, ZEA toxicity modulates mir-7, targeting the FOS gene, and inhibits follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) synthesis and secretion, leading to reproductive defects (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref240">240</xref>). Another study by Grenier et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref217">217</xref>) investigated the impact of zearalenone (ZEN) on microRNA expression in piglets&#x2019; uterine tissue, jejunum, and serum. While the jejunum did not exhibit any significant changes, the uterine tissue showed dose-dependent alterations in 14 microRNAs, specifically from the miR-503 cluster. These findings suggested potential biomarkers for detecting ZEN exposure. Further exploration into the genes regulated by these miRNAs is required to understand the biological effects of mycotoxins.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec32">
<title>Ruminants</title>
<p>The exploration of miRNA expression in response to mycotoxin exposure in farm animals is an emerging field with limited existing research. The absence of extensive research on miRNA expression and mycotoxin exposure in cattle, sheep, and goats emphasizes the significant gap in our understanding of the exploration of miRNA regulation in farm animals. A study by Greene et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref254">254</xref>) showed that lambs exposed to ergot alkaloids <italic>in utero</italic> modulate 120 differentially expressed miRNAs during gestation.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec33">
<title>Future directions</title>
<p>Studies on miRNA and mycotoxin interactions in farm animals show interesting associations between mycotoxin exposure and miRNA regulation. Although research on this relationship is minimal, the findings suggest its potential importance, necessitating further exploration. Future studies should identify specific miRNA-mycotoxin associations, clarify fundamental mechanisms, and examine the long-term effects on animal well-being and productivity. Thereby, miRNA expression-related research can improve our understanding of farm animal diseases, reduce the risks of mycotoxin exposure, and improve animal welfare.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec34">
<title>Conclusion and prospectives</title>
<p>In the last few decades, significant research has been conducted to understand miRNA functions and their pivotal roles in regulating the immune system, disease processes, and response to toxins in farm animals. This emerging field of research has shed light on how miRNAs circulate throughout the body and are able to be detected in various body fluids such as blood, serum, milk, and urine that can serve as potential biomarkers for early identification and development of mitigation strategies for diseases in farm animals.</p>
<p>The use of advanced technologies such as single-cell sequencing, CRISPR-Cas9 screening, long-read sequencing, integrated multi-omics approaches, and circulating exosome analysis is expected to result in significant progress in the field of miRNA research, particularly in relation to farm animal health and disease management. These advanced techniques promise to improve our ability to determine the functions of miRNAs in biological systems and their roles in states of health and disease. However, the challenge of identifying specific miRNAs that are dysregulated in association with diseases underlines the need for extensive research. This research is crucial for developing more accurate diagnostic strategies and understanding the ontogeny of miRNAs and their disease associations, thereby paving the way for novel approaches in the early detection and timely intervention of diseases and the improvement of growth and production in farm animals.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="author-contributions" id="sec35">
<title>Author contributions</title>
<p>LK: Writing &#x2013; original draft. JRD: Writing &#x2013; original draft. TJA: Writing &#x2013; review &#x0026; editing. RKS: Writing &#x2013; review &#x0026; editing. RSh: Writing &#x2013; review &#x0026; editing.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<sec sec-type="funding-information" id="sec37">
<title>Funding</title>
<p>The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This work was funded by USDA ARS award number 6040&#x2013;42000-046-000D to RSh.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="COI-statement" id="sec38">
<title>Conflict of interest</title>
<p>The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec100" sec-type="disclaimer">
<title>Publisher&#x2019;s note</title>
<p>All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="supplementary-material" id="sec79">
<title>Supplementary material</title>
<p>The Supplementary material for this article can be found online at: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2024.1372961/full#supplementary-material" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2024.1372961/full#supplementary-material</ext-link></p>
<supplementary-material xlink:href="Data_Sheet_1.docx" id="SM1" mimetype="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/>
</sec>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1"><label>1.</label><citation citation-type="other"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gray</surname> <given-names>M. W.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Beyer</surname> <given-names>A. L.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2020</year>). <source>Ribonucleic acid (RNA)</source>. <publisher-loc>Mc Graw Hill</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Access Science</publisher-name>.</citation></ref>
<ref id="ref2"><label>2.</label><citation citation-type="other"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>D.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Farhana</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2022</year>). <source>Biochemistry, RNA structure</source>. <publisher-loc>Treasure Island, FL</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>StatPearls Publishing</publisher-name>.</citation></ref>
<ref id="ref3"><label>3.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Jorge</surname> <given-names>AL</given-names></name> <name><surname>Pereira</surname> <given-names>ER</given-names></name> <name><surname>Oliveira</surname> <given-names>CSD</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ferreira</surname> <given-names>EDS</given-names></name> <name><surname>Menon</surname> <given-names>ETN</given-names></name> <name><surname>Diniz</surname> <given-names>SN</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNAs: understanding their role in gene expression and cancer</article-title>. <source>Einstein</source>. (<year>2021</year>) <volume>19</volume>:<fpage>eRB5996</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31744/einstein_journal/2021RB5996</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">34287566</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref4"><label>4.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Leung</surname> <given-names>AK</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sharp</surname> <given-names>PA</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNA functions in stress responses</article-title>. <source>Mol Cell</source>. (<year>2010</year>) <volume>40</volume>:<fpage>205</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>15</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.molcel.2010.09.027</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20965416</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref5"><label>5.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Harrill</surname> <given-names>AH</given-names></name> <name><surname>McCullough</surname> <given-names>SD</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wood</surname> <given-names>CE</given-names></name> <name><surname>Kahle</surname> <given-names>JJ</given-names></name> <name><surname>Chorley</surname> <given-names>BN</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNA biomarkers of toxicity in biological matrices</article-title>. <source>Toxicol Sci</source>. (<year>2016</year>) <volume>152</volume>:<fpage>264</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>72</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/toxsci/kfw090</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27462126</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref6"><label>6.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Miretti</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lecchi</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ceciliani</surname> <given-names>F</given-names></name> <name><surname>Baratta</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNAs as biomarkers for animal health and welfare in livestock</article-title>. <source>Front Vet Sci</source>. (<year>2020</year>) <volume>7</volume>:<fpage>578193</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fvets.2020.578193</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">33392281</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref7"><label>7.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Do</surname> <given-names>DN</given-names></name> <name><surname>Dudemaine</surname> <given-names>P-L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Mathur</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Suravajhala</surname> <given-names>P</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhao</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ibeagha-Awemu</surname> <given-names>EM</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>MiRNA regulatory functions in farm animal diseases, and biomarker potentials for effective therapies</article-title>. <source>Int J Mol Sci</source>. (<year>2021</year>) <volume>22</volume>:<fpage>3080</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijms22063080</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref8"><label>8.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Baltenweck</surname> <given-names>I</given-names></name> <name><surname>Enahoro</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></name> <name><surname>Frija</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Tarawali</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Why is production of animal source foods important for economic development in Africa and Asia?</article-title> <source>Anim Front</source>. (<year>2020</year>) <volume>10</volume>:<fpage>22</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>9</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/af/vfaa036</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">33150008</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref9"><label>9.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Brown</surname> <given-names>E</given-names></name> <name><surname>Nelson</surname> <given-names>N</given-names></name> <name><surname>Gubbins</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Colenutt</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Airborne transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus: a review of past and present perspectives</article-title>. <source>Viruses</source>. (<year>2022</year>) <volume>14</volume>:<fpage>1009</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/v14051009</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">35632750</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref10"><label>10.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sanni</surname> <given-names>AO</given-names></name> <name><surname>Onyango</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Usman</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Abdulkarim</surname> <given-names>LO</given-names></name> <name><surname>Jonker</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Fasina</surname> <given-names>FO</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Risk factors for persistent infection of non-Typhoidal Salmonella in poultry farms</article-title>. <source>North Central Nigeria Antibiotics</source>. (<year>2022</year>) <volume>11</volume>:<fpage>1121</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/antibiotics11081121</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref11"><label>11.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ansari</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Heitzig</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Moosavi</surname> <given-names>MR</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Optimizing testing strategies for early detection of disease outbreaks in animal trade networks via MCMC. Chaos: an interdisciplinary</article-title>. <source>J Nonlinear Sci</source>. (<year>2023</year>) <volume>33</volume>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1063/5.0125434</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref12"><label>12.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Chen</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sen</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>MicroRNA as biomarkers and diagnostics</article-title>. <source>J Cell Physiol</source>. (<year>2016</year>) <volume>231</volume>:<fpage>25</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>30</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/jcp.25056</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26031493</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref13"><label>13.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Balasubramanian</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Gunasekaran</surname> <given-names>K</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sasidharan</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Mathan</surname> <given-names>VJ</given-names></name> <name><surname>Perumal</surname> <given-names>E</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNAs and xenobiotic toxicity: an overview</article-title>. <source>Toxicol Rep</source>. (<year>2020</year>) <volume>7</volume>:<fpage>583</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>95</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.04.010</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">32426239</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref14"><label>14.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>O'Connell</surname> <given-names>RM</given-names></name> <name><surname>Rao</surname> <given-names>DS</given-names></name> <name><surname>Baltimore</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>microRNA regulation of inflammatory responses</article-title>. <source>Annu Rev Immunol</source>. (<year>2012</year>) <volume>30</volume>:<fpage>295</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>312</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-075013</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref15"><label>15.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ha</surname> <given-names>T-Y</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>The role of microRNAs in regulatory T cells and in the immune response</article-title>. <source>Immune Netw</source>. (<year>2011</year>) <volume>11</volume>:<fpage>11</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>41</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4110/in.2011.11.1.11</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21494372</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref16"><label>16.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dexheimer</surname> <given-names>PJ</given-names></name> <name><surname>Cochella</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNAs: from mechanism to organism</article-title>. <source>Front Cell Dev Biol</source>. (<year>2020</year>) <volume>8</volume>:<fpage>409</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fcell.2020.00409</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">32582699</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref17"><label>17.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kim</surname> <given-names>YK</given-names></name> <name><surname>Kim</surname> <given-names>VN</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Processing of intronic microRNAs</article-title>. <source>EMBO J</source>. (<year>2007</year>) <volume>26</volume>:<fpage>775</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>83</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/sj.emboj.7601512</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17255951</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref18"><label>18.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ha</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Kim</surname> <given-names>VN</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Regulation of microRNA biogenesis</article-title>. <source>Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol</source>. (<year>2014</year>) <volume>15</volume>:<fpage>509</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>24</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nrm3838</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref19"><label>19.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Luo</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lu</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>microRNAs in the same clusters evolve to coordinately regulate functionally related genes</article-title>. <source>Mol Biol Evol</source>. (<year>2016</year>) <volume>33</volume>:<fpage>2232</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>47</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/molbev/msw089</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27189568</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref20"><label>20.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Denli</surname> <given-names>AM</given-names></name> <name><surname>Tops</surname> <given-names>BB</given-names></name> <name><surname>Plasterk</surname> <given-names>RH</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ketting</surname> <given-names>RF</given-names></name> <name><surname>Hannon</surname> <given-names>GJ</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Processing of primary microRNAs by the microprocessor complex</article-title>. <source>Nature</source>. (<year>2004</year>) <volume>432</volume>:<fpage>231</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>5</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nature03049</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref21"><label>21.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mac Farlane</surname> <given-names>L-A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Murphy</surname> <given-names>PR</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNA: biogenesis, function and role in cancer</article-title>. <source>Curr Genomics</source>. (<year>2010</year>) <volume>11</volume>:<fpage>537</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>61</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2174/138920210793175895</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21532838</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref22"><label>22.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ghai</surname> <given-names>V</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>K</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Recent progress toward the use of circulating microRNAs as clinical biomarkers</article-title>. <source>Arch Toxicol</source>. (<year>2016</year>) <volume>90</volume>:<fpage>2959</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>78</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00204-016-1828-2</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27585665</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref23"><label>23.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Liu</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>He</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Tang</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Alternative splicing regulation and cell lineage differentiation</article-title>. <source>Curr Stem Cell Res Ther</source>. (<year>2012</year>) <volume>7</volume>:<fpage>400</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>6</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2174/157488812804484666</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref24"><label>24.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kim</surname> <given-names>DH</given-names></name> <name><surname>S&#x00E6;trom</surname> <given-names>P</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sn&#x00F8;ve</surname> <given-names>O</given-names> <suffix>Jr</suffix></name> <name><surname>Rossi</surname> <given-names>JJ</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNA-directed transcriptional gene silencing in mammalian cells</article-title>. <source>Proc Natl Acad Sci</source>. (<year>2008</year>) <volume>105</volume>:<fpage>16230</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>5</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.0808830105</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18852463</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref25"><label>25.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pritchard</surname> <given-names>CC</given-names></name> <name><surname>Cheng</surname> <given-names>HH</given-names></name> <name><surname>Tewari</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNA profiling: approaches and considerations</article-title>. <source>Nat Rev Genet</source>. (<year>2012</year>) <volume>13</volume>:<fpage>358</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>69</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nrg3198</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22510765</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref26"><label>26.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gonzalez Plaza</surname> <given-names>JJ</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Current roles of microRNAs in infectious diseases&#x2013;advancing into healthcare</article-title>. <source>Infektolo&#x0161;ki glasnik</source>. (<year>2016</year>) <volume>36</volume>:<fpage>5</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>15</lpage>.</citation></ref>
<ref id="ref27"><label>27.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhou</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></name> <name><surname>Xue</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>He</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Du</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhou</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Reticuloendotheliosis virus and avian leukosis virus subgroup J synergistically increase the accumulation of exosomal miRNAs</article-title>. <source>Retrovirology</source>. (<year>2018</year>) <volume>15</volume>:<fpage>1</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>11</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12977-018-0427-0</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref28"><label>28.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bernier</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sagan</surname> <given-names>SM</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>The diverse roles of microRNAs at the host&#x2013;virus interface</article-title>. <source>Viruses</source>. (<year>2018</year>) <volume>10</volume>:<fpage>440</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/v10080440</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30126238</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref29"><label>29.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chandan</surname> <given-names>K</given-names></name> <name><surname>Gupta</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sarwat</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Role of host and pathogen-derived microRNAs in immune regulation during infectious and inflammatory diseases</article-title>. <source>Front Immunol</source>. (<year>2020</year>) <volume>10</volume>:<fpage>3081</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fimmu.2019.03081</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref30"><label>30.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Liang</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lu</surname> <given-names>Q</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>MicroRNA epigenetic alterations: predicting biomarkers and therapeutic targets in human diseases</article-title>. <source>Clin Genet</source>. (<year>2008</year>) <volume>74</volume>:<fpage>307</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>15</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1399-0004.2008.01075.x</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref31"><label>31.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lee</surname> <given-names>RC</given-names></name> <name><surname>Feinbaum</surname> <given-names>RL</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ambros</surname> <given-names>V</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>The <italic>C. elegans</italic> heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14</article-title>. <source>Cell</source>. (<year>1993</year>) <volume>75</volume>:<fpage>843</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>54</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0092-8674(93)90529-Y</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref32"><label>32.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wightman</surname> <given-names>B</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ha</surname> <given-names>I</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ruvkun</surname> <given-names>G</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Posttranscriptional regulation of the heterochronic gene lin-14 by lin-4 mediates temporal pattern formation in <italic>C. elegans</italic></article-title>. <source>Cell</source>. (<year>1993</year>) <volume>75</volume>:<fpage>855</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>62</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0092-8674(93)90530-4</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8252622</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref33"><label>33.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Reinhart</surname> <given-names>BJ</given-names></name> <name><surname>Slack</surname> <given-names>FJ</given-names></name> <name><surname>Basson</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Pasquinelli</surname> <given-names>AE</given-names></name> <name><surname>Bettinger</surname> <given-names>JC</given-names></name> <name><surname>Rougvie</surname> <given-names>AE</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>The 21-nucleotide let-7 RNA regulates developmental timing in <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic></article-title>. <source>Nature</source>. (<year>2000</year>) <volume>403</volume>:<fpage>901</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>6</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/35002607</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10706289</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref34"><label>34.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lagos-Quintana</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Rauhut</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lendeckel</surname> <given-names>W</given-names></name> <name><surname>Tuschl</surname> <given-names>T</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Identification of novel genes coding for small expressed RNAs</article-title>. <source>Science</source>. (<year>2001</year>) <volume>294</volume>:<fpage>853</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>8</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1126/science.1064921</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref35"><label>35.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lau</surname> <given-names>NC</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lim</surname> <given-names>LP</given-names></name> <name><surname>Weinstein</surname> <given-names>EG</given-names></name> <name><surname>Bartel</surname> <given-names>DP</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>An abundant class of tiny RNAs with probable regulatory roles in <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic></article-title>. <source>Science</source>. (<year>2001</year>) <volume>294</volume>:<fpage>858</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>62</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1126/science.1065062</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11679671</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref36"><label>36.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lee</surname> <given-names>RC</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ambros</surname> <given-names>V</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>An extensive class of small RNAs in <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic></article-title>. <source>Science</source>. (<year>2001</year>) <volume>294</volume>:<fpage>862</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>4</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1126/science.1065329</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11679672</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref37"><label>37.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Michlewski</surname> <given-names>G</given-names></name> <name><surname>C&#x00E1;ceres</surname> <given-names>JF</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Post-transcriptional control of mi RNA biogenesis</article-title>. <source>RNA</source>. (<year>2019</year>) <volume>25</volume>:<fpage>1</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>16</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1261/rna.068692.118</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30333195</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref38"><label>38.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>O'Brien</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Hayder</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zayed</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Peng</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Overview of microRNA biogenesis, mechanisms of actions, and circulation</article-title>. <source>Front Endocrinol</source>. (<year>2018</year>) <volume>9</volume>:<fpage>402</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fendo.2018.00402</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30123182</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref39"><label>39.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nguyen</surname> <given-names>TA</given-names></name> <name><surname>Park</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Dang</surname> <given-names>TL</given-names></name> <name><surname>Choi</surname> <given-names>Y-G</given-names></name> <name><surname>Kim</surname> <given-names>VN</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Microprocessor depends on hemin to recognize the apical loop of primary microRNA</article-title>. <source>Nucleic Acids Res</source>. (<year>2018</year>) <volume>46</volume>:<fpage>5726</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>36</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/nar/gky248</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29750274</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref40"><label>40.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Perron</surname> <given-names>MP</given-names></name> <name><surname>Provost</surname> <given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Protein components of the microRNA pathway and human diseases</article-title>. <source>Methods Mol Biol</source>. (<year>2009</year>) <volume>487</volume>:<fpage>369</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>85</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/978-1-60327-547-7_18</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref41"><label>41.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nakanishi</surname> <given-names>K</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Anatomy of four human Argonaute proteins</article-title>. <source>Nucleic Acids Res</source>. (<year>2022</year>) <volume>50</volume>:<fpage>6618</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>38</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/nar/gkac519</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">35736234</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref42"><label>42.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pratt</surname> <given-names>AJ</given-names></name> <name><surname>Mac Rae</surname> <given-names>IJ</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>The RNA-induced silencing complex: a versatile gene-silencing machine</article-title>. <source>J Biol Chem</source>. (<year>2009</year>) <volume>284</volume>:<fpage>17897</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>901</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1074/jbc.R900012200</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19342379</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref43"><label>43.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Braun</surname> <given-names>JE</given-names></name> <name><surname>Huntzinger</surname> <given-names>E</given-names></name> <name><surname>Izaurralde</surname> <given-names>E</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>A molecular link between mi RISCs and deadenylases provides new insight into the mechanism of gene silencing by microRNAs</article-title>. <source>Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol</source>. (<year>2012</year>) <volume>4</volume>:<fpage>a012328</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1101/cshperspect.a012328</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref44"><label>44.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wu</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Fan</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Belasco</surname> <given-names>JG</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>MicroRNAs direct rapid deadenylation of mRNA</article-title>. <source>Proc Natl Acad Sci</source>. (<year>2006</year>) <volume>103</volume>:<fpage>4034</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>9</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.0510928103</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16495412</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref45"><label>45.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pillai</surname> <given-names>RS</given-names></name> <name><surname>Bhattacharyya</surname> <given-names>SN</given-names></name> <name><surname>Artus</surname> <given-names>CG</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zoller</surname> <given-names>T</given-names></name> <name><surname>Cougot</surname> <given-names>N</given-names></name> <name><surname>Basyuk</surname> <given-names>E</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Inhibition of translational initiation by Let-7 Micro RNA in human cells</article-title>. <source>Science</source>. (<year>2005</year>) <volume>309</volume>:<fpage>1573</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>6</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1126/science.1115079</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16081698</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref46"><label>46.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chendrimada</surname> <given-names>TP</given-names></name> <name><surname>Finn</surname> <given-names>KJ</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ji</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Baillat</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></name> <name><surname>Gregory</surname> <given-names>RI</given-names></name> <name><surname>Liebhaber</surname> <given-names>SA</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNA silencing through RISC recruitment of eIF6</article-title>. <source>Nature</source>. (<year>2007</year>) <volume>447</volume>:<fpage>823</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>8</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nature05841</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17507929</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref47"><label>47.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Petersen</surname> <given-names>CP</given-names></name> <name><surname>Bordeleau</surname> <given-names>M-E</given-names></name> <name><surname>Pelletier</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sharp</surname> <given-names>PA</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Short RNAs repress translation after initiation in mammalian cells</article-title>. <source>Mol Cell</source>. (<year>2006</year>) <volume>21</volume>:<fpage>533</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>42</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.molcel.2006.01.031</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref48"><label>48.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Maroney</surname> <given-names>PA</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yu</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Fisher</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Nilsen</surname> <given-names>TW</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Evidence that microRNAs are associated with translating messenger RNAs in human cells</article-title>. <source>Nat Struct Mol Biol</source>. (<year>2006</year>) <volume>13</volume>:<fpage>1102</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>7</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nsmb1174</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref49"><label>49.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gupta</surname> <given-names>SK</given-names></name> <name><surname>Maclean</surname> <given-names>PH</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ganesh</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Shu</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></name> <name><surname>Buddle</surname> <given-names>BM</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wedlock</surname> <given-names>DN</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Detection of microRNA in cattle serum and their potential use to diagnose severity of Johne's disease</article-title>. <source>J Dairy Sci</source>. (<year>2018</year>) <volume>101</volume>:<fpage>10259</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>70</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3168/jds.2018-14785</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30197143</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref50"><label>50.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>S&#x00F6;llner</surname> <given-names>J-H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Mettenleiter</surname> <given-names>TC</given-names></name> <name><surname>Petersen</surname> <given-names>B</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Genome editing strategies to protect livestock from viral infections</article-title>. <source>Viruses</source>. (<year>2021</year>) <volume>13</volume>:<fpage>1996</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/v13101996</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">34696426</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref51"><label>51.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bonina</surname> <given-names>V</given-names></name> <name><surname>Arpaia</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>The use of RNA interference for the management of arthropod pests in livestock farms</article-title>. <source>Med Vet Entomol</source>. (<year>2023</year>) <volume>37</volume>:<fpage>631</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>46</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/mve.12677</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">37401856</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref52"><label>52.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hu</surname> <given-names>G</given-names></name> <name><surname>Do</surname> <given-names>DN</given-names></name> <name><surname>Gray</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Miar</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Selection for favorable health traits: a potential approach to cope with diseases in farm animals</article-title>. <source>Animals</source>. (<year>2020</year>) <volume>10</volume>:<fpage>1717</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ani10091717</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">32971980</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref53"><label>53.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ibeagha-Awemu</surname> <given-names>EM</given-names></name> <name><surname>Kiefer</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>McKay</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Liu</surname> <given-names>GE</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Epigenetic variation influences on livestock production and disease traits</article-title>. <source>Front Genet</source>. (<year>2022</year>) <volume>13</volume>:<fpage>942747</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fgene.2022.942747</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">35783264</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref54"><label>54.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ojo</surname> <given-names>OE</given-names></name> <name><surname>Kreuzer-Redmer</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNAs in ruminants and their potential role in nutrition and physiology</article-title>. <source>Vet Sci</source>. (<year>2023</year>) <volume>10</volume>:<fpage>57</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/vetsci10010057</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">36669058</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref55"><label>55.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tribolet</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Kerr</surname> <given-names>E</given-names></name> <name><surname>Cowled</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Bean</surname> <given-names>AG</given-names></name> <name><surname>Stewart</surname> <given-names>CR</given-names></name> <name><surname>Dearnley</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNA biomarkers for infectious diseases: from basic research to biosensing</article-title>. <source>Front Microbiol</source>. (<year>2020</year>) <volume>11</volume>:<fpage>1197</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fmicb.2020.01197</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">32582115</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref56"><label>56.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Seyhan</surname> <given-names>AA</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Circulating microRNAs as potential biomarkers in pancreatic cancer&#x2014;advances and challenges</article-title>. <source>Int J Mol Sci</source>. (<year>2023</year>) <volume>24</volume>:<fpage>13340</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijms241713340</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">37686149</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref57"><label>57.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Jia</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Nie</surname> <given-names>Q</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Nolan</surname> <given-names>LK</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lamont</surname> <given-names>SJ</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Novel microRNA involved in host response to avian pathogenic <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> identified by deep sequencing and integration analysis</article-title>. <source>Infect Immun</source>. (<year>2017</year>) <volume>85</volume>:<fpage>10</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>1128</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1128/iai.00688-00616</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27795362</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref58"><label>58.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Stik</surname> <given-names>G</given-names></name> <name><surname>Dambrine</surname> <given-names>G</given-names></name> <name><surname>Pfeffer</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Rasschaert</surname> <given-names>DJJOV</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>The oncogenic microRNA Oncomi R-21 overexpressed during Marek's disease lymphomagenesis is transactivated by the viral oncoprotein Meq</article-title>. <source>J Virol</source>. (<year>2013</year>) <volume>87</volume>:<fpage>80</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>93</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1128/JVI.02449-12</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref59"><label>59.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Han</surname> <given-names>B</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lian</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhao</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Qu</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Liu</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Chicken gga-mi R-103-3p targets CCNE1 and TFDP2 and inhibits MDCC-MSB1 cell migration</article-title>. <source>G3</source>. (<year>2016</year>) <volume>6</volume>:<fpage>1277</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>85</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1534/g3.116.028498</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref60"><label>60.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lian</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></name> <name><surname>Qu</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yang</surname> <given-names>N</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Gga-mi R-26a targets NEK6 and suppresses Marek&#x2019;s disease lymphoma cell proliferation</article-title>. <source>Poult Sci</source>. (<year>2014</year>) <volume>93</volume>:<fpage>1097</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>105</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3382/ps.2013-03656</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24795301</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref61"><label>61.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhao</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Han</surname> <given-names>B</given-names></name> <name><surname>You</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <name><surname>Qu</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Liu</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Gga-miR-219b targeting BCL11B suppresses proliferation, migration and invasion of Marek&#x2019;s disease tumor cell MSB1</article-title>. <source>Sci Rep</source>. (<year>2017</year>) <volume>7</volume>:<fpage>4247</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41598-017-04434-w</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref62"><label>62.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Tang</surname> <given-names>N</given-names></name> <name><surname>Luo</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Teng</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Moffat</surname> <given-names>K</given-names></name> <name><surname>Shen</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Marek's disease virus-encoded MicroRNA 155 ortholog critical for the induction of lymphomas is not essential for the proliferation of transformed cell lines</article-title>. <source>J Virol</source>. (<year>2019</year>) <volume>93</volume>:<fpage>e00713-19</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1128/JVI.00713-19</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31189706</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref63"><label>63.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Burnside</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Bernberg</surname> <given-names>E</given-names></name> <name><surname>Anderson</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lu</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Meyers</surname> <given-names>BC</given-names></name> <name><surname>Green</surname> <given-names>PJ</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Marek's disease virus encodes Micro RNAs that map to meq and the latency-associated transcript</article-title>. <source>J Virol</source>. (<year>2006</year>) <volume>80</volume>:<fpage>8778</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>86</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1128/JVI.00831-06</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16912324</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref64"><label>64.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Heidari</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>HJG</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNA profiling in the bursae of Marek's disease virus-infected resistant and susceptible chicken lines</article-title>. <source>Genomics</source>. (<year>2020</year>) <volume>112</volume>:<fpage>2564</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>71</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.02.009</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref65"><label>65.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gennart</surname> <given-names>I</given-names></name> <name><surname>Petit</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wiggers</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Pejakovi&#x0107;</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Dauchot</surname> <given-names>N</given-names></name> <name><surname>Laurent</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Epigenetic silencing of Micro RNA-126 promotes cell growth in Marek&#x2019;s disease</article-title>. <source>Microorganisms</source>. (<year>2021</year>) <volume>9</volume>:<fpage>1339</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/microorganisms9061339</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref66"><label>66.</label><citation citation-type="other"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Han</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lian</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ren</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhao</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Jin</surname> <given-names>E</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Role of gga-miR-29b-3p in suppressing the proliferation, invasion and migration of MSB1 Marek&#x2019;s disease tumor cells by the targeting of the DNMT3B gene</article-title>. <source>Annals of Translational Medicine</source>, vol. <volume>10</volume> (<year>2022</year>).</citation></ref>
<ref id="ref67"><label>67.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Feng</surname> <given-names>W</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhou</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></name> <name><surname>Meng</surname> <given-names>W</given-names></name> <name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>G</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhuang</surname> <given-names>P</given-names></name> <name><surname>Pan</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Growth retardation induced by avian leukosis virus subgroup J associated with down-regulated Wnt/&#x03B2;-catenin pathway</article-title>. <source>Microb Pathog</source>. (<year>2017</year>) <volume>104</volume>:<fpage>48</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>55</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.micpath.2017.01.013</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28065818</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref68"><label>68.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Payne</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Nair</surname> <given-names>VJAP</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>The long view: 40 years of avian leukosis research</article-title>. <source>Avian Pathol</source>. (<year>2012</year>) <volume>41</volume>:<fpage>11</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>9</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/03079457.2011.646237</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref69"><label>69.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Salter</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></name> <name><surname>Balander</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name> <name><surname>Crittenden</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Evaluation of Japanese quail as a model system for avian transgenesis using avian leukosis viruses</article-title>. <source>Poult Sci</source>. (<year>1999</year>) <volume>78</volume>:<fpage>230</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>4</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ps/78.2.230</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10051036</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref70"><label>70.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ji</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Xie</surname> <given-names>Q</given-names></name> <name><surname>Shang</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Xin</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Aberrant expression of liver microRNA in chickens infected with subgroup J avian leukosis virus</article-title>. <source>Virus Res</source>. (<year>2012</year>) <volume>169</volume>:<fpage>268</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>71</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.virusres.2012.07.003</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref71"><label>71.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Shang</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Shu</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ji</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sun</surname> <given-names>B</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Gga-mi R-375 plays a key role in tumorigenesis post subgroup J avian leukosis virus infection</article-title>. <source>PLoS One</source>. (<year>2014</year>) <volume>9</volume>:<fpage>e90878</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0090878</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref72"><label>72.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dai</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ji</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yan</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lin</surname> <given-names>W</given-names></name> <name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Chen</surname> <given-names>F</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Role of gga-mi R-221 and gga-mi R-222 during tumour formation in chickens infected by subgroup J avian leukosis virus</article-title>. <source>Viruses</source>. (<year>2015</year>) <volume>7</volume>:<fpage>6538</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>51</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/v7122956</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref73"><label>73.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <name><surname>Luo</surname> <given-names>Q</given-names></name> <name><surname>Xu</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zheng</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Abdalla</surname> <given-names>BA</given-names></name> <name><surname>Feng</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>MiR-34b-5p suppresses melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) signaling pathway to promote avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J)-infected cells proliferaction and ALV-J replication</article-title>. <source>Front Cell Infect Microbiol</source>. (<year>2017</year>) <volume>7</volume>:<fpage>17</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fcimb.2017.00017</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref74"><label>74.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ji</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Shang</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ma</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Bi</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Temporal changes of microRNA gga-let-7b and gga-let-7i expression in chickens challenged with subgroup J avian leukosis virus</article-title>. <source>Vet Res Commun</source>. (<year>2017</year>) <volume>41</volume>:<fpage>219</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>26</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11259-017-9681-1</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref75"><label>75.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Liao</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wu</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yan</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Chen</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lin</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Gga-microRNA-375 negatively regulates the cell cycle and proliferation by targeting yes-associated protein 1 in DF-1 cells</article-title>. <source>Exp Ther Med</source>. (<year>2020</year>) <volume>20</volume>:<fpage>530</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>42</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3892/etm.2020.8711</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref76"><label>76.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mahgoub</surname> <given-names>HA</given-names></name> <name><surname>Bailey</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Kaiser</surname> <given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>An overview of infectious bursal disease</article-title>. <source>Arch Virol</source>. (<year>2012</year>) <volume>157</volume>:<fpage>2047</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>57</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00705-012-1377-9</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref77"><label>77.</label><citation citation-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lukert</surname> <given-names>PD</given-names></name> <name><surname>Saif</surname> <given-names>YM</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Infectious bursal disease</article-title> In: <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Calnek</surname> <given-names>BW</given-names></name></person-group>, editor. <source>Diseases of poultry</source>. <edition>10th</edition> ed. <publisher-loc>Ames</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Iowa State University Press</publisher-name> (<year>1997</year>). <fpage>721</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>38</lpage>.</citation></ref>
<ref id="ref78"><label>78.</label><citation citation-type="other"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shen</surname> <given-names>P</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sun</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Xia</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Inhibition of infectious bursal disease virus replication in chicken embryos by miRNAs delivered by recombinant avian adeno-associated viral vector</article-title> (<year>2011</year>) <volume>51</volume>:<fpage>256</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>61</lpage>.</citation></ref>
<ref id="ref79"><label>79.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ouyang</surname> <given-names>W</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>Y-S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Du</surname> <given-names>X-N</given-names></name> <name><surname>Liu</surname> <given-names>H-J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>H-B</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Gga-mi R-9&#x002A; inhibits IFN production in antiviral innate immunity by targeting interferon regulatory factor 2 to promote IBDV replication</article-title>. <source>Vet Microbiol</source>. (<year>2015</year>) <volume>178</volume>:<fpage>41</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>9</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.04.023</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref80"><label>80.</label><citation citation-type="other"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fu</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>B</given-names></name> <name><surname>Chen</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>He</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>MicroRNA gga-miR-130b suppresses infectious bursal disease virus replication via targeting of the viral genome and cellular suppressors of cytokine signaling 5</article-title>. <source>Journal of Virology</source>, vol. <volume>92</volume>:<fpage>10</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>1128</lpage>. (<year>2018</year>).</citation></ref>
<ref id="ref81"><label>81.</label><citation citation-type="other"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fu</surname> <given-names>M.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>B.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Chen</surname> <given-names>X.</given-names></name> <name><surname>He</surname> <given-names>Z.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>Y.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>X.</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. (<year>2018</year>). <article-title>Gga-mi R-454 suppresses infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) replication via directly targeting IBDV genomic segment B and cellular suppressors of cytokine signaling</article-title>. <source>Virus research</source>. <volume>252</volume>:<fpage>29</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>40</lpage>.</citation></ref>
<ref id="ref82"><label>82.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>B</given-names></name> <name><surname>Fu</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Liu</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Cao</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Gga-miR-155 enhances type I interferon expression and suppresses infectious burse disease virus replication via targeting SOCS1 and TANK</article-title>. <source>Front Cell Infect Microbiol</source>. (<year>2018</year>) <volume>8</volume>:<fpage>55</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fcimb.2018.00055</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref83"><label>83.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Duan</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhao</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Gao</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Cao</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Gga-mi R-27b-3p enhances type I interferon expression and suppresses infectious bursal disease virus replication via targeting cellular suppressors of cytokine signaling</article-title>. <source>Virus Res</source>. (<year>2020</year>) <volume>281</volume>:<fpage>197910</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197910</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref84"><label>84.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <name><surname>Leng</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Liang</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhu</surname> <given-names>P</given-names></name> <name><surname>Chen</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Xie</surname> <given-names>Q</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Gga-mi R-20b-5p inhibits infectious bursal disease virus replication via targeting netrin</article-title>. <source>Vet Microbiol</source>. (<year>2023</year>) <volume>279</volume>:<fpage>109676</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109676</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref85"><label>85.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ouyang</surname> <given-names>W</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>Y-S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Meng</surname> <given-names>K</given-names></name> <name><surname>Pan</surname> <given-names>Q-x</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>X-l</given-names></name> <name><surname>Xia</surname> <given-names>X-x</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Gga-mi R-2127 downregulates the translation of chicken p 53 and attenuates chp 53-mediated innate immune response against IBDV infection</article-title>. <source>Vet Microbiol</source>. (<year>2017</year>) <volume>198</volume>:<fpage>34</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>42</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.12.007</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref86"><label>86.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ouyang</surname> <given-names>W</given-names></name> <name><surname>Qian</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Pan</surname> <given-names>Q-X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>J-Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Xia</surname> <given-names>X-X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>X-I</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Gga-mi R-142-5p attenuates IRF7 signaling and promotes replication of IBDV by directly targeting the ch MDA5&#x2032; s 3&#x2032; untranslated region</article-title>. <source>Vet Microbiol</source>. (<year>2018</year>) <volume>221</volume>:<fpage>74</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>80</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.05.018</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref87"><label>87.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Duan</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhao</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Cao</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zheng</surname> <given-names>SJJJOV</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Epigenetic upregulation of chicken microRNA-16-5p expression in DF-1 cells following infection with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) enhances IBDV-induced apoptosis and viral replication</article-title>. <source>J Virol</source>. (<year>2020</year>) <volume>94</volume>:<fpage>e01724-19</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1128/jvi.01724-01719</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref88"><label>88.</label><citation citation-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lamb</surname> <given-names>RA</given-names></name> <name><surname>Krug</surname> <given-names>RM</given-names></name></person-group>. <source>Orthomyxoviridae: the viruses and their replication</source>. <publisher-loc>Philadelphia</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Lippincott-Raven Press</publisher-name> (<year>1995</year>).</citation></ref>
<ref id="ref89"><label>89.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Laconi</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Fortin</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Bedendo</surname> <given-names>G</given-names></name> <name><surname>Shibata</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sakoda</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Awuni</surname> <given-names>JA</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Detection of avian influenza virus: a comparative study of the in silico and in vitro performances of current RT-qPCR assays</article-title>. <source>Sci Rep</source>. (<year>2020</year>) <volume>10</volume>:<fpage>8441</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41598-020-64003-6</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">32439885</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref90"><label>90.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dong</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhou</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Pu</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Liu</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Status and challenges for vaccination against avian H9N2 influenza virus in China</article-title>. <source>Life</source>. (<year>2022</year>) <volume>12</volume>:<fpage>1326</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/life12091326</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">36143363</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref91"><label>91.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Capua</surname> <given-names>I</given-names></name> <name><surname>Alexander</surname> <given-names>DJJAP</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Avian influenza: recent developments</article-title>. <source>Avian Pathol</source>. (<year>2004</year>) <volume>33</volume>:<fpage>393</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>404</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/03079450410001724085</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref92"><label>92.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Brahmakshatriya</surname> <given-names>V</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhu</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lupiani</surname> <given-names>B</given-names></name> <name><surname>Reddy</surname> <given-names>SM</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yoon</surname> <given-names>B-J</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Identification of differentially expressed miRNAs in chicken lung and trachea with avian influenza virus infection by a deep sequencing approach</article-title>. <source>BMC Genomics</source>. (<year>2009</year>) <volume>10</volume>:<fpage>512</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1471-2164-10-512</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref93"><label>93.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Peng</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Gao</surname> <given-names>Q</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhou</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Chen</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lu</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Huang</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNAs in avian influenza virus H9N2-infected and non-infected chicken embryo fibroblasts</article-title>. <source>Genet Mol Res</source>. (<year>2015</year>) <volume>14</volume>:<fpage>9081</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>91</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4238/2015.August.7.17</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26345840</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref94"><label>94.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Brahmakshatriya</surname> <given-names>V</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lupiani</surname> <given-names>B</given-names></name> <name><surname>Reddy</surname> <given-names>SM</given-names></name> <name><surname>Soibam</surname> <given-names>B</given-names></name> <name><surname>Benham</surname> <given-names>AL</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Integrated analysis of microRNA expression and mRNA transcriptome in lungs of avian influenza virus infected broilers</article-title>. <source>BMC Genomics</source>. (<year>2012</year>) <volume>13</volume>:<fpage>1</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>15</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1471-2164-13-278</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref95"><label>95.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Su</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Liu</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Guo</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNAs in the immune organs of chickens and ducks indicate divergence of immunity against H5N1 avian influenza</article-title>. <source>FEBS Lett</source>. (<year>2015</year>) <volume>589</volume>:<fpage>419</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>25</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.febslet.2014.12.019</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref96"><label>96.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>O&#x2019;Dowd</surname> <given-names>K</given-names></name> <name><surname>Emam</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>El Khili</surname> <given-names>MR</given-names></name> <name><surname>Emad</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ibeagha-Awemu</surname> <given-names>EM</given-names></name> <name><surname>Gagnon</surname> <given-names>CA</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Distinct mi RNA profile of cellular and extracellular vesicles released from chicken tracheal cells following avian influenza virus infection</article-title>. <source>Vaccines</source>. (<year>2020</year>) <volume>8</volume>:<fpage>438</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/vaccines8030438</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref97"><label>97.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Liu</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sun</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Pan</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Cui</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhu</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Variation and molecular basis for enhancement of receptor binding of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in China isolates</article-title>. <source>Front Microbiol</source>. (<year>2020</year>) <volume>11</volume>:<fpage>602124</fpage>.</citation></ref>
<ref id="ref98"><label>98.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vu</surname> <given-names>TH</given-names></name> <name><surname>Heo</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Kang</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Kim</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lillehoj</surname> <given-names>HS</given-names></name> <name><surname>Hong</surname> <given-names>YHJD</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Chicken miR-26a-5p modulates MDA5 during highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection</article-title>. <source>Dev Compar Immunol</source>. (<year>2023</year>) <volume>149</volume>:<fpage>104921</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.dci.2023.104921</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref99"><label>99.</label><citation citation-type="other"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kang</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Vu</surname> <given-names>TH</given-names></name> <name><surname>Heo</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Kim</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lillehoj</surname> <given-names>HS</given-names></name> <name><surname>Hong</surname> <given-names>YHJJOVS</given-names></name></person-group>. &#x201C;<article-title>Analysis of miRNA expression in the trachea of Ri chicken infected with the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus</article-title>,&#x201D; <source>Journal of Veterinary Science</source>, vol. <volume>24</volume> (<year>2023</year>).</citation></ref>
<ref id="ref100"><label>100.</label><citation citation-type="other"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ley</surname> <given-names>D. H.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yoder</surname> <given-names>H. W.</given-names> <suffix>Jr</suffix></name></person-group>. (<year>2008</year>). <article-title>Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection</article-title>. <source>Diseases of poultry</source>. <volume>12</volume>:<fpage>807</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>834</lpage>.</citation></ref>
<ref id="ref101"><label>101.</label><citation citation-type="other"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Davidson</surname> <given-names>W. R.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Nettles</surname> <given-names>V. F.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Couvillion</surname> <given-names>C. E.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yoder</surname> <given-names>H. W.</given-names> <suffix>Jr.</suffix></name></person-group> (<year>1982</year>). <article-title>Infectious sinusitis in wild turkeys</article-title>. <source>Avian Diseases</source>. <fpage>402</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>405</lpage>.</citation></ref>
<ref id="ref102"><label>102.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Stipkovits</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Egyed</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Palfi</surname> <given-names>V</given-names></name> <name><surname>Beres</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Pitlik</surname> <given-names>E</given-names></name> <name><surname>Somogyi</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Effect of low-pathogenicity influenza virus H3N8 infection on <italic>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</italic> infection of chickens</article-title>. <source>Avian Pathol</source>. (<year>2012</year>) <volume>41</volume>:<fpage>51</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>7</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/03079457.2011.635635</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref103"><label>103.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhao</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Hou</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>K</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yuan</surname> <given-names>B</given-names></name> <name><surname>Peng</surname> <given-names>XJCB</given-names></name> <name><surname>Genomics</surname> <given-names>PPD</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Identification of differentially expressed miRNAs through high-throughput sequencing in the chicken lung in response to <italic>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</italic> HS</article-title>. <source>Comp Biochem Physiol Part D Genomics Proteomics</source>. (<year>2017</year>) <volume>22</volume>:<fpage>146</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>56</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cbd.2017.04.004</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref104"><label>104.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <name><surname>Bi</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></name> <name><surname>Hou</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhao</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sun</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Gga-mi R-101-3p plays a key role in <italic>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</italic> (HS strain) infection of chicken</article-title>. <source>Int J Mol Sci</source>. (<year>2015</year>) <volume>16</volume>:<fpage>28669</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>82</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijms161226121</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref105"><label>105.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhao</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <name><surname>Hou</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>K</given-names></name> <name><surname>Peng</surname> <given-names>XJG</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Gga-miR-99a targets SMARCA5 to regulate <italic>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</italic> (HS strain) infection by depressing cell proliferation in chicken</article-title>. <source>Gene</source>. (<year>2017</year>) <volume>627</volume>:<fpage>239</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>47</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.gene.2017.06.039</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref106"><label>106.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Yuan</surname> <given-names>B</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zou</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhao</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>K</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sun</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Peng</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Up-regulation of miR-130b-3p activates the PTEN/PI3K/AKT/NF-&#x03BA;B pathway to defense against <italic>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</italic> (HS strain) infection of chicken</article-title>. <source>Int J Mol Sci</source>. (<year>2018</year>) <volume>19</volume>:<fpage>2172</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijms19082172</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref107"><label>107.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>K</given-names></name> <name><surname>Han</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhao</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Fu</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Peng</surname> <given-names>XJC</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Gga-miR-146c activates TLR6/MyD88/NF-&#x03BA;B pathway through targeting MMP16 to prevent <italic>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</italic> (HS strain) infection in chickens</article-title>. <source>Cells</source>. (<year>2019</year>) <volume>8</volume>:<fpage>501</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/cells8050501</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref108"><label>108.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Abd El-Hack</surname> <given-names>ME</given-names></name> <name><surname>El-Saadony</surname> <given-names>MT</given-names></name> <name><surname>Elbestawy</surname> <given-names>AR</given-names></name> <name><surname>Nahed</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Saad</surname> <given-names>AM</given-names></name> <name><surname>Salem</surname> <given-names>HM</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens: disease characteristics and prevention using organic antibiotic alternatives&#x2013;a comprehensive review</article-title>. <source>Poult Sci</source>. (<year>2022</year>) <volume>101</volume>:<fpage>101590</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.psj.2021.101590</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">34953377</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref109"><label>109.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dinh</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Hong</surname> <given-names>YH</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lillehoj</surname> <given-names>HSJVI</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Modulation of microRNAs in two genetically disparate chicken lines showing different necrotic enteritis disease susceptibility</article-title>. <source>Vet Immunol Immunopathol</source>. (<year>2014</year>) <volume>159</volume>:<fpage>74</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>82</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.02.003</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref110"><label>110.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Truong</surname> <given-names>AD</given-names></name> <name><surname>Hong</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lee</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lee</surname> <given-names>K</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lillehoj</surname> <given-names>HS</given-names></name> <name><surname>Hong</surname> <given-names>YH</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>TGF-&#x03B2; signaling and mi RNAs targeting for BMP7 in the spleen of two necrotic enteritis-afflicted chicken lines</article-title>. <source>Korean J Poult Sci</source>. (<year>2017</year>) <volume>44</volume>:<fpage>211</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>23</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5536/KJPS.2017.44.3.211</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref111"><label>111.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pham</surname> <given-names>TT</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ban</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Hong</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lee</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Vu</surname> <given-names>TH</given-names></name> <name><surname>Truong</surname> <given-names>AD</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNA gga-mi R-200a-3p modulates immune response via MAPK signaling pathway in chicken afflicted with necrotic enteritis</article-title>. <source>Vet Res</source>. (<year>2020</year>) <volume>51</volume>:<fpage>1</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>11</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s13567-020-0736-x</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref112"><label>112.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pham</surname> <given-names>TT</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ban</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lee</surname> <given-names>K</given-names></name> <name><surname>Hong</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lee</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Truong</surname> <given-names>AD</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNA gga-mi R-10a-mediated transcriptional regulation of the immune genes in necrotic enteritis afflicted chickens</article-title>. <source>Dev Comp Immunol</source>. (<year>2020</year>) <volume>102</volume>:<fpage>103472</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.dci.2019.103472</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref113"><label>113.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhao</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zeng</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sun</surname> <given-names>N</given-names></name> <name><surname>Xin</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yang</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Analysis of miRNA expression in the ileum of broiler chickens during <italic>Bacillus licheniformis</italic> H2 supplementation against subclinical necrotic enteritis</article-title>. <source>Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins</source>. (<year>2021</year>) <volume>13</volume>:<fpage>356</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>66</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s12602-020-09709-9</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref114"><label>114.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Qiao</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ye</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lv</surname> <given-names>G</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Integrated mi RNA and mRNA transcriptomes of spleen profiles between Yorkshire and Queshan black pigs</article-title>. <source>Gene</source>. (<year>2019</year>) <volume>688</volume>:<fpage>204</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>14</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.gene.2018.11.077</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30529098</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref115"><label>115.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sawera</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Gorodkin</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Cirera</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Fredholm</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Mapping and expression studies of the mir 17-92 cluster on pig chromosome 11</article-title>. <source>Mamm Genome</source>. (<year>2005</year>) <volume>16</volume>:<fpage>594</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>8</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00335-005-0013-3</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16180141</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref116"><label>116.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Reiner</surname> <given-names>G</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Genetic resistance-an alternative for controlling PRRS?</article-title> <source>Porcine Health Manag</source>. (<year>2016</year>) <volume>2</volume>:<fpage>1</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>11</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s40813-016-0045-y</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref117"><label>117.</label><citation citation-type="other"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vlasova</surname> <given-names>A. N.</given-names></name> <name><surname>Butler</surname> <given-names>J. E.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2020</year>). <article-title>Porcine anti-viral immunity</article-title>. <source>Front. immunol.</source> <volume>11</volume>:<fpage>525853</fpage>.</citation></ref>
<ref id="ref118"><label>118.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hicks</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yoo</surname> <given-names>JD</given-names></name> <name><surname>Liu</surname> <given-names>H-C</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Characterization of the micro RNAome in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infected macrophages</article-title>. <source>PLoS One</source>. (<year>2013</year>) <volume>8</volume>:<fpage>e82054</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0082054</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24339989</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref119"><label>119.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Guo</surname> <given-names>X-K</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>Q</given-names></name> <name><surname>Gao</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>N</given-names></name> <name><surname>Chen</surname> <given-names>X-X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Feng</surname> <given-names>W-H</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Increasing expression of microRNA 181 inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication and has implications for controlling virus infection</article-title>. <source>J Virol</source>. (<year>2013</year>) <volume>87</volume>:<fpage>1159</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>71</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1128/JVI.02386-12</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref120"><label>120.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></name> <name><surname>Cao</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Xu</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <name><surname>Fang</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhong</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Chen</surname> <given-names>Q</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>MiR-125b reduces porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication by negatively regulating the NF-&#x03BA;B pathway</article-title>. <source>PLoS One</source>. (<year>2013</year>) <volume>8</volume>:<fpage>e55838</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0055838</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23409058</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref121"><label>121.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>Q</given-names></name> <name><surname>Guo</surname> <given-names>X-K</given-names></name> <name><surname>Gao</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Huang</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>N</given-names></name> <name><surname>Jia</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>MicroRNA-23 inhibits PRRSV replication by directly targeting PRRSV RNA and possibly by upregulating type I interferons</article-title>. <source>Virology</source>. (<year>2014</year>) <volume>450-451</volume>:<fpage>182</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>95</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.virol.2013.12.020</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref122"><label>122.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Jia</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Bi</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Xie</surname> <given-names>Q</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yang</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Liu</surname> <given-names>W</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Cellular microRNA mi R-26a suppresses replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by activating innate antiviral immunity</article-title>. <source>Sci Rep</source>. (<year>2015</year>) <volume>5</volume>:<fpage>10651</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/srep10651</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26013676</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref123"><label>123.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>Q</given-names></name> <name><surname>Huang</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yang</surname> <given-names>Q</given-names></name> <name><surname>Gao</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Liu</surname> <given-names>H-C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Tang</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>MicroRNA-30c modulates type I IFN responses to facilitate porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection by targeting JAK1</article-title>. <source>J Immunol</source>. (<year>2016</year>) <volume>196</volume>:<fpage>2272</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>82</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4049/jimmunol.1502006</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26826240</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref124"><label>124.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Shi</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yang</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNA 373 facilitates the replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by its negative regulation of type I interferon induction</article-title>. <source>J Virol</source>. (<year>2017</year>) <volume>91</volume>:<fpage>10</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>1128</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1128/jvi.01311-01316</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27881653</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref125"><label>125.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Pan</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Gao</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Xu</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Downregulation of miR-218 by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus facilitates viral replication via inhibition of type I interferon responses</article-title>. <source>J Biol Chem</source>. (<year>2021</year>) <volume>296</volume>:<fpage>100683</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100683</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">33887325</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref126"><label>126.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhao</surname> <given-names>G</given-names></name> <name><surname>Hou</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Xu</surname> <given-names>G</given-names></name> <name><surname>Xiang</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Kang</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yan</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Cellular microRNA miR-10a-5p inhibits replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by targeting the host factor signal recognition particle 14</article-title>. <source>J Gen Virol</source>. (<year>2017</year>) <volume>98</volume>:<fpage>624</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>32</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1099/jgv.0.000708</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28086075</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref127"><label>127.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhao</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Cui</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>W</given-names></name> <name><surname>Xu</surname> <given-names>P</given-names></name> <name><surname>Liu</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNA-376b-3p promotes porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication by targeting viral restriction factor TRIM22</article-title>. <source>J Virol</source>. (<year>2022</year>) <volume>96</volume>:<fpage>e01597-21</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1128/JVI.01597-21</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref128"><label>128.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Yao</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhu</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zheng</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Liu</surname> <given-names>F</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>miR-142-3p suppresses porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection by directly targeting Rac 1</article-title>. <source>Vet Microbiol</source>. (<year>2022</year>) <volume>269</volume>:<fpage>109434</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109434</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">35452863</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref129"><label>129.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Feng</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yan</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zheng</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>W</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Cellular microRNA miR-c89 inhibits replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by targeting the host factor porcine retinoid X receptor &#x03B2;</article-title>. <source>J Gen Virol</source>. (<year>2019</year>) <volume>100</volume>:<fpage>1407</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>16</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1099/jgv.0.001320</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31478827</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref130"><label>130.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cheng</surname> <given-names>F</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhou</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lan</surname> <given-names>G</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yang</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Systematic identification and comparison of the expressed profiles of exosomal MiRNAs in pigs infected with NADC30-like PRRSV strain</article-title>. <source>Animals</source>. (<year>2023</year>) <volume>13</volume>:<fpage>876</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ani13050876</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">36899733</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref131"><label>131.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Peng</surname> <given-names>O</given-names></name> <name><surname>Xia</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wei</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zeng</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zou</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Hu</surname> <given-names>F</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Integrative transcriptomic profiling of mRNA, mi RNA, circ RNA, and lnc RNA in alveolar macrophages isolated from PRRSV-infected porcine</article-title>. <source>Front Immunol</source>. (<year>2023</year>) <volume>14</volume>:<fpage>1258778</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fimmu.2023.1258778</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">37691924</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref132"><label>132.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Skovgaard</surname> <given-names>K</given-names></name> <name><surname>Cirera</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Vasby</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></name> <name><surname>Podolska</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Breum</surname> <given-names>S&#x00D8;</given-names></name> <name><surname>D&#x00FC;rrwald</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Expression of innate immune genes, proteins and microRNAs in lung tissue of pigs infected experimentally with influenza virus (H1N2)</article-title>. <source>Innate Immun</source>. (<year>2013</year>) <volume>19</volume>:<fpage>531</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>44</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/1753425912473668</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref133"><label>133.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Jiang</surname> <given-names>P</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhou</surname> <given-names>N</given-names></name> <name><surname>Chen</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhao</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>F</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Integrative analysis of differentially expressed microRNAs of pulmonary alveolar macrophages from piglets during H1N1 swine influenza a virus infection</article-title>. <source>Sci Rep</source>. (<year>2015</year>) <volume>5</volume>:<fpage>8167</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/srep08167</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25639204</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref134"><label>134.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Huang</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ma</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sun</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lv</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lin</surname> <given-names>W</given-names></name> <name><surname>Liu</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Altered splenic mi RNA expression profile in H1N1 swine influenza</article-title>. <source>Arch Virol</source>. (<year>2015</year>) <volume>160</volume>:<fpage>979</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>85</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00705-015-2351-0</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25655261</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref135"><label>135.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name> <name><surname>Su</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>B</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sizhu</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lei</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title><italic>Sus scrofa</italic> miR-204 and miR-4331 negatively regulate swine H1N1/2009 influenza a virus replication by targeting viral HA and NS, respectively</article-title>. <source>Int J Mol Sci</source>. (<year>2017</year>) <volume>18</volume>:<fpage>749</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijms18040749</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28368362</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref136"><label>136.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Brogaard</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Larsen</surname> <given-names>LE</given-names></name> <name><surname>Heegaard</surname> <given-names>PM</given-names></name> <name><surname>Anthon</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Gorodkin</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>D&#x00FC;rrwald</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>IFN-&#x03BB; and microRNAs are important modulators of the pulmonary innate immune response against influenza a (H1N2) infection in pigs</article-title>. <source>PLoS One</source>. (<year>2018</year>) <volume>13</volume>:<fpage>e0194765</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0194765</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29677213</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref137"><label>137.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Song</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sun</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sun</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Jiang</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhu</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Swine microRNAs ssc-mi R-221-3p and ssc-mi R-222 restrict the cross-species infection of avian influenza virus</article-title>. <source>J Virol</source>. (<year>2020</year>) <volume>94</volume>:<fpage>10</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>1128</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1128/jvi.01700-01720</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">32907982</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref138"><label>138.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wood</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name> <name><surname>Rose</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Populations of <italic>Salmonella typhimurium</italic> in internal organs of experimentally infected carrier swine</article-title>. <source>Am J Vet Res</source>. (<year>1992</year>) <volume>53</volume>:<fpage>653</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>8</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2460/ajvr.1992.53.05.653</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">1524288</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref139"><label>139.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bearson</surname> <given-names>SM</given-names></name> <name><surname>Allen</surname> <given-names>HK</given-names></name> <name><surname>Bearson</surname> <given-names>BL</given-names></name> <name><surname>Looft</surname> <given-names>T</given-names></name> <name><surname>Brunelle</surname> <given-names>BW</given-names></name> <name><surname>Kich</surname> <given-names>JD</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Profiling the gastrointestinal microbiota in response to Salmonella: low versus high Salmonella shedding in the natural porcine host</article-title>. <source>Infect Genet Evol</source>. (<year>2013</year>) <volume>16</volume>:<fpage>330</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>40</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.meegid.2013.03.022</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref140"><label>140.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Huang</surname> <given-names>TH</given-names></name> <name><surname>Uthe</surname> <given-names>JJ</given-names></name> <name><surname>Bearson</surname> <given-names>SM</given-names></name> <name><surname>Demirkale</surname> <given-names>CY</given-names></name> <name><surname>Nettleton</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></name> <name><surname>Knetter</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Distinct peripheral blood RNA responses to Salmonella in pigs differing in Salmonella shedding levels: intersection of IFNG, TLR and miRNA pathways</article-title>. <source>PloS one</source>. (<year>2011</year>) <volume>6</volume>:<fpage>e28768</fpage>.</citation></ref>
<ref id="ref141"><label>141.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hoeke</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sharbati</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Pawar</surname> <given-names>K</given-names></name> <name><surname>Keller</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Einspanier</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sharbati</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Intestinal <italic>Salmonella typhimurium</italic> infection leads to mi R-29a induced caveolin 2 regulation</article-title>. <source>PLoS One</source>. (<year>2013</year>) <volume>8</volume>:<fpage>e67300</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0067300</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23826261</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref142"><label>142.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Yao</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Gao</surname> <given-names>W</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yang</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Liang</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Luo</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Huang</surname> <given-names>T</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>The regulation roles of miR-125b, miR-221 and miR-27b in porcine Salmonella infection signalling pathway</article-title>. <source>Biosci Rep</source>. (<year>2016</year>) <volume>36</volume>:<fpage>e00375</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1042/BSR20160243</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27474500</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref143"><label>143.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Huang</surname> <given-names>T</given-names></name> <name><surname>Huang</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Chen</surname> <given-names>W</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yin</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Shi</surname> <given-names>B</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>F</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNA responses associated with <italic>Salmonella enterica</italic> serovar typhimurium challenge in peripheral blood: effects of mi R-146a and IFN-&#x03B3; in regulation of fecal bacteria shedding counts in pig</article-title>. <source>BMC Vet Res</source>. (<year>2019</year>) <volume>15</volume>:<fpage>1</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>8</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12917-019-1951-4</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref144"><label>144.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Herrera-Uribe</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zald&#x00ED;var-L&#x00F3;pez</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Aguilar</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Entrenas-Garc&#x00ED;a</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Bautista</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name> <name><surname>Claros</surname> <given-names>MG</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Study of microRNA expression in <italic>Salmonella Typhimurium</italic>-infected porcine ileum reveals mi R-194a-5p as an important regulator of the TLR4-mediated inflammatory response</article-title>. <source>Vet Res</source>. (<year>2022</year>) <volume>53</volume>:<fpage>1</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>13</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s13567-022-01056-7</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref145"><label>145.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ye</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Su</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wu</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zheng</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zi</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Analysis of differential miRNA expression in the duodenum of <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> F18-sensitive and-resistant weaned piglets</article-title>. <source>PLoS One</source>. (<year>2012</year>) <volume>7</volume>:<fpage>e43741</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0043741</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22937089</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref146"><label>146.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wu</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <name><surname>Qin</surname> <given-names>W</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wu</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhu</surname> <given-names>G</given-names></name> <name><surname>Bao</surname> <given-names>W</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wu</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Identification of microRNAs regulating <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> F18 infection in Meishan weaned piglets</article-title>. <source>Biol Direct</source>. (<year>2016</year>) <volume>11</volume>:<fpage>1</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>19</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s13062-016-0160-3</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref147"><label>147.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>P</given-names></name> <name><surname>Huang</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yan</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yang</surname> <given-names>Q</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sun</surname> <given-names>W</given-names></name> <name><surname>Gao</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Analyses of miRNA in the ileum of diarrheic piglets caused by <italic>Clostridium perfringens</italic> type C</article-title>. <source>Microb Pathog</source>. (<year>2019</year>) <volume>136</volume>:<fpage>103699</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103699</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref148"><label>148.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hansen</surname> <given-names>EP</given-names></name> <name><surname>Kringel</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Thamsborg</surname> <given-names>SM</given-names></name> <name><surname>Jex</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Nejsum</surname> <given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Profiling circulating mi RNAs in serum from pigs infected with the porcine whipworm, Trichuris suis</article-title>. <source>Vet Parasitol</source>. (<year>2016</year>) <volume>223</volume>:<fpage>30</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>3</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.03.025</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27198773</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref149"><label>149.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yang</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Du</surname> <given-names>F</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhao</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Fang</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Expression profile of microRNAs in porcine alveolar macrophages after toxoplasma gondii infection</article-title>. <source>Parasit Vectors</source>. (<year>2019</year>) <volume>12</volume>:<fpage>1</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>11</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s13071-019-3297-y</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref150"><label>150.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Podolska</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Anthon</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Bak</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Tommerup</surname> <given-names>N</given-names></name> <name><surname>Skovgaard</surname> <given-names>K</given-names></name> <name><surname>Heegaard</surname> <given-names>PM</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Profiling microRNAs in lung tissue from pigs infected with <italic>Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae</italic></article-title>. <source>BMC Genomics</source>. (<year>2012</year>) <volume>13</volume>:<fpage>1</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>18</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1471-2164-13-459</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref151"><label>151.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhao</surname> <given-names>K</given-names></name> <name><surname>Shi</surname> <given-names>W</given-names></name> <name><surname>Han</surname> <given-names>F</given-names></name> <name><surname>Xu</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhu</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zou</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Specific, simple and rapid detection of porcine circovirus type 2 using the loop-mediated isothermal amplification method</article-title>. <source>Virol J</source>. (<year>2011</year>) <volume>8</volume>:<fpage>1</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>7</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1743-422X-8-126</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref152"><label>152.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>P</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Jiang</surname> <given-names>P</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>P</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Identification and characterization of microRNA in the lung tissue of pigs with different susceptibilities to PCV2 infection</article-title>. <source>Vet Res</source>. (<year>2018</year>) <volume>49</volume>:<fpage>1</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>13</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s13567-018-0512-3</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref153"><label>153.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sun</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Jiang</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zeng</surname> <given-names>W</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>PCV2 regulates cellular inflammatory responses through dysregulating cellular mirna-mrna networks</article-title>. <source>Viruses</source>. (<year>2019</year>) <volume>11</volume>:<fpage>1055</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/v11111055</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31766254</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref154"><label>154.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chase</surname> <given-names>CC</given-names></name> <name><surname>Elmowalid</surname> <given-names>G</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yousif</surname> <given-names>AA</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>The immune response to bovine viral diarrhea virus: a constantlychanging picture</article-title>. <source>Vet Clin</source>. (<year>2004</year>) <volume>20</volume>:<fpage>95</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>114</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cvfa.2003.11.004</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15062477</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref155"><label>155.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lanyon</surname> <given-names>SR</given-names></name> <name><surname>Hill</surname> <given-names>FI</given-names></name> <name><surname>Reichel</surname> <given-names>MP</given-names></name> <name><surname>Brownlie</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Bovine viral diarrhoea: pathogenesis and diagnosis</article-title>. <source>Vet J</source>. (<year>2014</year>) <volume>199</volume>:<fpage>201</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>9</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.07.024</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24053990</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref156"><label>156.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fu</surname> <given-names>Q</given-names></name> <name><surname>Shi</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Shi</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Meng</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ren</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Bta-mi R-29b attenuates apoptosis by directly targeting caspase-7 and NAIF1 and suppresses bovine viral diarrhea virus replication in MDBK cells</article-title>. <source>Can J Microbiol</source>. (<year>2014</year>) <volume>60</volume>:<fpage>455</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>60</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1139/cjm-2014-0277</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24965127</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref157"><label>157.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fu</surname> <given-names>Q</given-names></name> <name><surname>Shi</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ni</surname> <given-names>W</given-names></name> <name><surname>Shi</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Meng</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Lentivirus-mediated <italic>Bos taurus</italic> bta-miR-29b overexpression interferes with bovine viral diarrhoea virus replication and viral infection-related autophagy by directly targeting ATG14 and ATG9A in Madin&#x2013;Darby bovine kidney cells</article-title>. <source>J Gen Virol</source>. (<year>2015</year>) <volume>96</volume>:<fpage>85</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>94</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1099/vir.0.067140-0</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25234643</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref158"><label>158.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fu</surname> <given-names>Q</given-names></name> <name><surname>Shi</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Chen</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Roles of bta-mi R-29b promoter regions DNA methylation in regulating mi R-29b expression and bovine viral diarrhea virus NADL replication in MDBK cells</article-title>. <source>Arch Virol</source>. (<year>2017</year>) <volume>162</volume>:<fpage>401</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>8</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00705-016-3107-1</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27766427</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref159"><label>159.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shi</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Fu</surname> <given-names>Q</given-names></name> <name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Hu</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Tian</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yao</surname> <given-names>G</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Bta-mi R-2411 attenuates bovine viral diarrhea virus replication via directly suppressing Pelota protein in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells</article-title>. <source>Vet Microbiol</source>. (<year>2018</year>) <volume>215</volume>:<fpage>43</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>8</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.01.002</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29426405</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref160"><label>160.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Taxis</surname> <given-names>TM</given-names></name> <name><surname>Bauermann</surname> <given-names>FV</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ridpath</surname> <given-names>JF</given-names></name> <name><surname>Casas</surname> <given-names>E</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Circulating microRNAs in serum from cattle challenged with bovine viral diarrhea virus</article-title>. <source>Front Genet</source>. (<year>2017</year>) <volume>8</volume>:<fpage>91</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fgene.2017.00091</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28702050</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref161"><label>161.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kokkonos</surname> <given-names>KG</given-names></name> <name><surname>Fossat</surname> <given-names>N</given-names></name> <name><surname>Nielsen</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Holm</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Hepkema</surname> <given-names>WM</given-names></name> <name><surname>Bukh</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Evolutionary selection of pestivirus variants with altered or no microRNA dependency</article-title>. <source>Nucleic Acids Res</source>. (<year>2020</year>) <volume>48</volume>:<fpage>5555</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>71</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/nar/gkaa300</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">32374844</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref162"><label>162.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Alexandersen</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Mowat</surname> <given-names>N</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Foot-and-mouth disease: host range and pathogenesis</article-title>. <source>Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol</source>. (<year>2005</year>) <fpage>288</fpage>:<fpage>9</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>42</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/3-540-27109-0_2</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref163"><label>163.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Grubman</surname> <given-names>MJ</given-names></name> <name><surname>Baxt</surname> <given-names>B</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Foot-and-mouth disease</article-title>. <source>Clin Microbiol Rev</source>. (<year>2004</year>) <volume>17</volume>:<fpage>465</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>93</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1128/CMR.17.2.465-493.2004</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15084510</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref164"><label>164.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Belsham</surname> <given-names>GJ</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Distinctive features of foot-and-mouth disease virus, a member of the picornavirus family; aspects of virus protein synthesis, protein processing and structure</article-title>. <source>Prog Biophys Mol Biol</source>. (<year>1993</year>) <volume>60</volume>:<fpage>241</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>60</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0079-6107(93)90016-D</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8396787</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref165"><label>165.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chang</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Dou</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Bao</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Luo</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Liu</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Mu</surname> <given-names>K</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Multiple microRNAs targeted to internal ribosome entry site against foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in vitro and in vivo</article-title>. <source>Virol J</source>. (<year>2014</year>) <volume>11</volume>:<fpage>1</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>12</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1743-422X-11-1</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24393133</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref166"><label>166.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Stenfeldt</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Arzt</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Smoliga</surname> <given-names>G</given-names></name> <name><surname>LaRocco</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Gutkoska</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lawrence</surname> <given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Proof-of-concept study: profile of circulating microRNAs in bovine serum harvested during acute and persistent FMDV infection</article-title>. <source>Virol J</source>. (<year>2017</year>) <volume>14</volume>:<fpage>1</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>18</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12985-017-0743-3</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref167"><label>167.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Basagoudanavar</surname> <given-names>SH</given-names></name> <name><surname>Hosamani</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Tamil Selvan</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sreenivasa</surname> <given-names>B</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sanyal</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Venkataramanan</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Host serum microRNA profiling during the early stage of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection</article-title>. <source>Arch Virol</source>. (<year>2018</year>) <volume>163</volume>:<fpage>2055</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>63</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00705-018-3824-8</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29616415</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref168"><label>168.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>G&#x0142;owacka</surname> <given-names>P</given-names></name> <name><surname>&#x017B;akowska</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></name> <name><surname>Naylor</surname> <given-names>K</given-names></name> <name><surname>Niemcewicz</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Bielawska-Drozd</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Brucella &#x2013; virulence factors, pathogenesis and treatment</article-title>. <source>Pol J Microbiol</source>. (<year>2018</year>) <volume>67</volume>:<fpage>151</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>61</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21307/pjm-2018-029</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30015453</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref169"><label>169.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Corbel</surname> <given-names>MJ</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Brucellosis: an overview</article-title>. <source>Emerg Infect Dis</source>. (<year>1997</year>) <volume>3</volume>:<fpage>213</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>21</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3201/eid0302.970219</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9204307</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref170"><label>170.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zheng</surname> <given-names>K</given-names></name> <name><surname>Chen</surname> <given-names>D-S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wu</surname> <given-names>Y-Q</given-names></name> <name><surname>Xu</surname> <given-names>X-J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Chen</surname> <given-names>C-F</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>MicroRNA expression profile in RAW264. 7 cells in response to <italic>Brucella melitensis</italic> infection</article-title>. <source>Int J Biol Sci</source>. (<year>2012</year>) <volume>8</volume>:<fpage>1013</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>22</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7150/ijbs.3836</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22904669</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref171"><label>171.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lecchi</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Catozzi</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zamarian</surname> <given-names>V</given-names></name> <name><surname>Poggi</surname> <given-names>G</given-names></name> <name><surname>Borriello</surname> <given-names>G</given-names></name> <name><surname>Martucciello</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Characterization of circulating mi RNA signature in water buffaloes (<italic>Bubalus bubalis</italic>) during <italic>Brucella abortus</italic> infection and evaluation as potential biomarkers for non-invasive diagnosis in vaginal fluid</article-title>. <source>Sci Rep</source>. (<year>2019</year>) <volume>9</volume>:<fpage>1945</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41598-018-38365-x</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30760784</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref172"><label>172.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Singh</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Dhanoa</surname> <given-names>JK</given-names></name> <name><surname>Choudhary</surname> <given-names>RK</given-names></name> <name><surname>Singh</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sethi</surname> <given-names>RS</given-names></name> <name><surname>Kaur</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNA expression profiling in PBMCs of Indian water Buffalo (<italic>Bubalus bubalis</italic>) infected with Brucella and Johne&#x2019;s disease</article-title>. <source>ExRNA</source>. (<year>2020</year>) <volume>2</volume>:<fpage>1</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>13</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s41544-020-00049-y</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref173"><label>173.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cvetkovikj</surname> <given-names>I</given-names></name> <name><surname>Mrenoshki</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Krstevski</surname> <given-names>K</given-names></name> <name><surname>Djadjovski</surname> <given-names>I</given-names></name> <name><surname>Angjelovski</surname> <given-names>B</given-names></name> <name><surname>Popova</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Bovine tuberculosis in the republic of Macedonia: postmortem, microbiological and molecular study in slaughtered reactor cattle</article-title>. <source>Macedonian Vet Rev</source>. (<year>2017</year>) <volume>40</volume>:<fpage>43</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>52</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1515/macvetrev-2016-0097</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref174"><label>174.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Hussain</surname> <given-names>T</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yue</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name> <name><surname>Liao</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>Q</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yao</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>MicroRNA-199a inhibits cellular autophagy and downregulates IFN-&#x03B2; expression by targeting TBK1 in <italic>Mycobacterium bovis</italic> infected cells</article-title>. <source>Front Cell Infect Microbiol</source>. (<year>2018</year>) <volume>8</volume>:<fpage>238</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fcimb.2018.00238</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30042930</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref175"><label>175.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Iannaccone</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Cosenza</surname> <given-names>G</given-names></name> <name><surname>Pauciullo</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Garofalo</surname> <given-names>F</given-names></name> <name><surname>Proroga</surname> <given-names>YT</given-names></name> <name><surname>Capuano</surname> <given-names>F</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Milk microRNA-146a as a potential biomarker in bovine tuberculosis</article-title>. <source>J Dairy Res</source>. (<year>2018</year>) <volume>85</volume>:<fpage>178</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>80</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/S0022029918000122</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29785902</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref176"><label>176.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fu</surname> <given-names>B</given-names></name> <name><surname>Xue</surname> <given-names>W</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name> <name><surname>Feldman</surname> <given-names>K</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhao</surname> <given-names>Q</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNA-325-3p facilitates immune escape of <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic> through targeting LNX1 via NEK6 accumulation to promote anti-apoptotic STAT3 signaling</article-title>. <source>MBio</source>. (<year>2020</year>) <volume>11</volume>: <fpage>10</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>1128</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1128/mbio.00557-00520</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">32487755</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref177"><label>177.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Catozzi</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zamarian</surname> <given-names>V</given-names></name> <name><surname>Marziano</surname> <given-names>G</given-names></name> <name><surname>Costa</surname> <given-names>ED</given-names></name> <name><surname>Martucciello</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Serpe</surname> <given-names>P</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>The effects of intradermal M. Bovis and <italic>M. avium</italic> PPD test on immune-related mRNA and mi RNA in dermal oedema exudates of water buffaloes (<italic>Bubalus bubalis</italic>)</article-title>. <source>Trop Anim Health Prod</source>. (<year>2021</year>) <volume>53</volume>:<fpage>1</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>8</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11250-021-02696-1</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref178"><label>178.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Garvey</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title><italic>Mycobacterium avium</italic> subspecies paratuberculosis: a possible causative agent in human morbidity and risk to public health safety</article-title>. <source>Open Vet J</source>. (<year>2018</year>) <volume>8</volume>:<fpage>172</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>81</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4314/ovj.v8i2.10</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29911021</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref179"><label>179.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Clarke</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>The pathology and pathogenesis of paratuberculosis in ruminants and other species</article-title>. <source>J Comp Pathol</source>. (<year>1997</year>) <volume>116</volume>:<fpage>217</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>61</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0021-9975(97)80001-1</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9147244</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref180"><label>180.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pieters</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Entry and survival of pathogenic mycobacteriain macrophages</article-title>. <source>Microbes Infect</source>. (<year>2001</year>) <volume>3</volume>:<fpage>249</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>55</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S1286-4579(01)01376-4</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref181"><label>181.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Liu</surname> <given-names>PT</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wheelwright</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Teles</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name> <name><surname>Komisopoulou</surname> <given-names>E</given-names></name> <name><surname>Edfeldt</surname> <given-names>K</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ferguson</surname> <given-names>B</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNA-21 targets the vitamin D&#x2013;dependent antimicrobial pathway in leprosy</article-title>. <source>Nat Med</source>. (<year>2012</year>) <volume>18</volume>:<fpage>267</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>73</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nm.2584</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22286305</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref182"><label>182.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vegh</surname> <given-names>P</given-names></name> <name><surname>Foroushani</surname> <given-names>AB</given-names></name> <name><surname>Magee</surname> <given-names>DA</given-names></name> <name><surname>McCabe</surname> <given-names>MS</given-names></name> <name><surname>Browne</surname> <given-names>JA</given-names></name> <name><surname>Nalpas</surname> <given-names>NC</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Profiling microRNA expression in bovine alveolar macrophages using RNA-seq</article-title>. <source>Vet Immunol Immunopathol</source>. (<year>2013</year>) <volume>155</volume>:<fpage>238</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>44</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.08.004</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24021155</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref183"><label>183.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Malvisi</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Palazzo</surname> <given-names>F</given-names></name> <name><surname>Morandi</surname> <given-names>N</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lazzari</surname> <given-names>B</given-names></name> <name><surname>Williams</surname> <given-names>JL</given-names></name> <name><surname>Pagnacco</surname> <given-names>G</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Responses of bovine innate immunity to <italic>Mycobacterium avium</italic> subsp. paratuberculosis infection revealed by changes in gene expression and levels of microRNA</article-title>. <source>PLoS One</source>. (<year>2016</year>) <volume>11</volume>:<fpage>e0164461</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0164461</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27760169</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref184"><label>184.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <name><surname>Kong</surname> <given-names>LC</given-names></name> <name><surname>Jia</surname> <given-names>BY</given-names></name> <name><surname>Chen</surname> <given-names>JR</given-names></name> <name><surname>Dong</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Jiang</surname> <given-names>XY</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Analysis of the microRNA expression profile of bovine monocyte-derived macrophages infected with <italic>Mycobacterium avium</italic> subsp. paratuberculosis reveals that miR-150 suppresses cell apoptosis by targeting PDCD4</article-title>. <source>Int J Mol Sci</source>. (<year>2019</year>) <volume>20</volume>:<fpage>2708</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijms20112708</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31159463</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref185"><label>185.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wright</surname> <given-names>K</given-names></name> <name><surname>Mizzi</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name> <name><surname>Plain</surname> <given-names>KM</given-names></name> <name><surname>Purdie</surname> <given-names>AC</given-names></name> <name><surname>de Silva</surname> <given-names>K</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title><italic>Mycobacterium avium</italic> subsp. paratuberculosis exploits miRNA expression to modulate lipid metabolism and macrophage polarisation pathways during infection</article-title>. <source>Sci Rep</source>. (<year>2022</year>) <volume>12</volume>:<fpage>9681</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41598-022-13503-8</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">35690602</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref186"><label>186.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Xing</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Du</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Gao</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Tian</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zheng</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Liu</surname> <given-names>G</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Analysis of the miRNA expression profile in an <italic>Aedes albopictus</italic> cell line in response to bluetongue virus infection</article-title>. <source>Infect Genet Evol</source>. (<year>2016</year>) <volume>39</volume>:<fpage>74</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>84</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.meegid.2016.01.012</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref187"><label>187.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Du</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Gao</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Tian</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <name><surname>Xing</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Huang</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>G</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNA expression profiling of primary sheep testicular cells in response to bluetongue virus infection</article-title>. <source>Infect Genet Evol</source>. (<year>2017</year>) <volume>49</volume>:<fpage>256</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>67</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.meegid.2017.01.029</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28132926</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref188"><label>188.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lu</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></name> <name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhu</surname> <given-names>P</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yang</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yang</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Whole-transcriptome analyses of sheep embryonic testicular cells infected with the bluetongue virus</article-title>. <source>Front. immunol</source>. (<year>2022</year>) <volume>13</volume>:<fpage>1053059</fpage>.</citation></ref>
<ref id="ref189"><label>189.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gibbs</surname> <given-names>PJ</given-names></name> <name><surname>Taylor</surname> <given-names>WP</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lawman</surname> <given-names>MJ</given-names></name> <name><surname>Bryant</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Classification of peste des petits ruminants virus as the fourth member of the genus morbillivirus</article-title>. <source>Intervirology</source>. (<year>1979</year>) <volume>11</volume>:<fpage>268</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>74</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1159/000149044</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">457363</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref190"><label>190.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pandey</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sahu</surname> <given-names>AR</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wani</surname> <given-names>SA</given-names></name> <name><surname>Saxena</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Kanchan</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sah</surname> <given-names>V</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Modulation of host mi RNAs transcriptome in lung and spleen of peste des petits ruminants virus infected sheep and goats</article-title>. <source>Front Microbiol</source>. (<year>2017</year>) <volume>8</volume>:<fpage>1146</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fmicb.2017.01146</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref191"><label>191.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cuill&#x00E9;</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>La tremblante du mouton est bien inoculable</article-title>. <source>CR Acad Sci</source>. (<year>1938</year>) <volume>206</volume>:<fpage>78</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>9</lpage>.</citation></ref>
<ref id="ref192"><label>192.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sanz Rubio</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></name> <name><surname>L&#x00F3;pez-P&#x00E9;rez</surname> <given-names>&#x00D3;</given-names></name> <name><surname>de Andr&#x00E9;s Pablo</surname> <given-names>&#x00C1;</given-names></name> <name><surname>Bolea</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name> <name><surname>Osta</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name> <name><surname>Badiola</surname> <given-names>JJ</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Increased circulating microRNAs mi R-342-3p and mi R-21-5p in natural sheep prion disease</article-title>. <source>J Gen Virol</source>. (<year>2017</year>) <volume>98</volume>:<fpage>305</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>10</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1099/jgv.0.000685</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27959774</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref193"><label>193.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>L&#x00F3;pez-P&#x00E9;rez</surname> <given-names>&#x00D3;</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sanz-Rubio</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></name> <name><surname>Hernaiz</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Betancor</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Otero</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Castilla</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma small extracellular vesicles and mi RNAs as biomarkers for prion diseases</article-title>. <source>Int J Mol Sci</source>. (<year>2021</year>) <volume>22</volume>:<fpage>6822</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijms22136822</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">34201940</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref194"><label>194.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Agosile</surname> <given-names>OO</given-names></name> <name><surname>Benson</surname> <given-names>U</given-names></name> <name><surname>Oduwe</surname> <given-names>U</given-names></name> <name><surname>Okei</surname> <given-names>NC</given-names></name> <name><surname>Fajobi</surname> <given-names>SJ</given-names></name> <name><surname>Akachukwu</surname> <given-names>SO</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNA and immune response to viral, bacterial and fungal infections</article-title>. <source>World News Nat Sci</source>. (<year>2022</year>) <volume>44</volume>:<fpage>24</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>42</lpage>.</citation></ref>
<ref id="ref195"><label>195.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Awais</surname> <given-names>MM</given-names></name> <name><surname>Shakeel</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sun</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNA-mediated host-pathogen interactions between Bombyx mori and viruses</article-title>. <source>Front Physiol</source>. (<year>2021</year>) <volume>12</volume>:<fpage>672205</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fphys.2021.672205</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">34025458</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref196"><label>196.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bi</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Liu</surname> <given-names>G</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yang</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNAs: novel regulators during the immune response</article-title>. <source>J Cell Physiol</source>. (<year>2009</year>) <volume>218</volume>:<fpage>467</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>72</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/jcp.21639</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref197"><label>197.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Su</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yang</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <name><surname>Xu</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Chen</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yu</surname> <given-names>Q</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNAs in apoptosis, autophagy and necroptosis</article-title>. <source>Oncotarget</source>. (<year>2015</year>) <volume>6</volume>:<fpage>8474</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>90</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18632/oncotarget.3523</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25893379</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref198"><label>198.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Contreras</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Rao</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNAs in inflammation and immune responses</article-title>. <source>Leukemia</source>. (<year>2012</year>) <volume>26</volume>:<fpage>404</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>13</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/leu.2011.356</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref199"><label>199.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Isticato</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ricca</surname> <given-names>E</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Spore surface display</article-title>. <source>The Bacterial Spore: From Molecules to Systems</source>. (<year>2016</year>) <fpage>349</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>66</lpage>.</citation></ref>
<ref id="ref200"><label>200.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><collab id="coll1">EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM)</collab><name><surname>Schrenk</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></name> <name><surname>Bodin</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Chipman</surname> <given-names>JK</given-names></name> <name><surname>del Mazo</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Grasl-Kraupp</surname> <given-names>B</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Risk assessment of ochratoxin a in food</article-title>. <source>EFSA J</source>. (<year>2020</year>) <volume>18</volume>:<fpage>e06113</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6113</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref201"><label>201.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fink-Grernmels</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Mycotoxins: their implications for human and animal health</article-title>. <source>Vet Q</source>. (<year>1999</year>) <volume>21</volume>:<fpage>115</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>20</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/01652176.1999.9695005</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref202"><label>202.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Desjardins</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Maragos</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Norred</surname> <given-names>W</given-names></name> <name><surname>Pestka</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Phillips</surname> <given-names>T</given-names></name> <name><surname>Vardon</surname> <given-names>P</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Mycotoxins: risks in plant, animal, and human system</article-title>. <source>Mycopathologia</source>. (<year>2003</year>) <volume>65</volume>:<fpage>2</fpage>.</citation></ref>
<ref id="ref203"><label>203.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sorrenti</surname> <given-names>V</given-names></name> <name><surname>Di Giacomo</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Acquaviva</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name> <name><surname>Barbagallo</surname> <given-names>I</given-names></name> <name><surname>Bognanno</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Galvano</surname> <given-names>F</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Toxicity of ochratoxin a and its modulation by antioxidants: a review</article-title>. <source>Toxins</source>. (<year>2013</year>) <volume>5</volume>:<fpage>1742</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>66</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/toxins5101742</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24152986</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref204"><label>204.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shanmugasundaram</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name> <name><surname>Adams</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></name> <name><surname>Applegate</surname> <given-names>T</given-names></name> <name><surname>Pokoo-Aikins</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Subclinical doses of combined fumonisins and deoxynivalenol predispose <italic>Clostridium perfringens</italic>&#x2013;inoculated broilers to necrotic enteritis</article-title>. <source>Front Physiol</source>. (<year>2022</year>) <volume>13</volume>:<fpage>934660</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fphys.2022.934660</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">35936897</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref205"><label>205.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shanmugasundaram</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lourenco</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Hakeem</surname> <given-names>WA</given-names></name> <name><surname>Dycus</surname> <given-names>MM</given-names></name> <name><surname>Applegate</surname> <given-names>TJ</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Subclinical doses of dietary fumonisins and deoxynivalenol cause cecal microbiota dysbiosis in broiler chickens challenged with <italic>Clostridium perfringens</italic></article-title>. <source>Front Microbiol</source>. (<year>2023</year>) <volume>14</volume>:<fpage>1106604</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fmicb.2023.1106604</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">37082176</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref206"><label>206.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Grenier</surname> <given-names>B</given-names></name> <name><surname>Dohnal</surname> <given-names>I</given-names></name> <name><surname>Shanmugasundaram</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name> <name><surname>Eicher</surname> <given-names>SD</given-names></name> <name><surname>Selvaraj</surname> <given-names>RK</given-names></name> <name><surname>Schatzmayr</surname> <given-names>G</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Susceptibility of broiler chickens to coccidiosis when fed subclinical doses of deoxynivalenol and fumonisins&#x2014;special emphasis on the immunological response and the mycotoxin interaction</article-title>. <source>Toxins</source>. (<year>2016</year>) <volume>8</volume>:<fpage>231</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/toxins8080231</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27472362</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref207"><label>207.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Liu</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Shanmugasundaram</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name> <name><surname>Doupovec</surname> <given-names>B</given-names></name> <name><surname>Schatzmayr</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></name> <name><surname>Murugesan</surname> <given-names>G</given-names></name> <name><surname>Applegate</surname> <given-names>T</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Short-term exposure to fumonisins and deoxynivalenol, on broiler growth performance and cecal Salmonella load during experimental <italic>Salmonella Enteritidis</italic> infection</article-title>. <source>Poult Sci</source>. (<year>2023</year>) <volume>102</volume>:<fpage>102677</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.psj.2023.102677</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">37104905</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref208"><label>208.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Antonissen</surname> <given-names>G</given-names></name> <name><surname>Croubels</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Pasmans</surname> <given-names>F</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ducatelle</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name> <name><surname>Eeckhaut</surname> <given-names>V</given-names></name> <name><surname>Devreese</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Fumonisins affect the intestinal microbial homeostasis in broiler chickens, predisposing to necrotic enteritis</article-title>. <source>Vet Res</source>. (<year>2015</year>) <volume>46</volume>:<fpage>1</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>11</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s13567-015-0234-8</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref209"><label>209.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Antonissen</surname> <given-names>G</given-names></name> <name><surname>Van Immerseel</surname> <given-names>F</given-names></name> <name><surname>Pasmans</surname> <given-names>F</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ducatelle</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name> <name><surname>Haesebrouck</surname> <given-names>F</given-names></name> <name><surname>Timbermont</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol predisposes for the development of <italic>Clostridium perfringens</italic>-induced necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens</article-title>. <source>PLoS One</source>. (<year>2014</year>) <volume>9</volume>:<fpage>e108775</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0108775</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25268498</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref210"><label>210.</label><citation citation-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Food</surname> <given-names>U</given-names></name> <name><surname>Administration</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group>. <source>Guidance for industry and FDA: Advisory levels for deoxynivalenol (DON) in finished wheat products for human consumption and grains and grain by-products used for animal feed</source>. <publisher-loc>Silver Spring, MD</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>USFDA</publisher-name> (<year>2010</year>).</citation></ref>
<ref id="ref211"><label>211.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lauwers</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>De Baere</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Letor</surname> <given-names>B</given-names></name> <name><surname>Rychlik</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Croubels</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Devreese</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Multi LC-MS/MS and LC-HRMS methods for determination of 24 mycotoxins including major phase I and II biomarker metabolites in biological matrices from pigs and broiler chickens</article-title>. <source>Toxins</source>. (<year>2019</year>) <volume>11</volume>:<fpage>171</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/toxins11030171</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30893895</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref212"><label>212.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hort</surname> <given-names>V</given-names></name> <name><surname>Nicolas</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Travel</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Jondreville</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Maleix</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ba&#x00E9;za</surname> <given-names>E</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Carry-over assessment of fumonisins and zearalenone to poultry tissues after exposure of chickens to a contaminated diet&#x2013;a study implementing stable-isotope dilution assay and UHPLC-MS/MS</article-title>. <source>Food Control</source>. (<year>2020</year>) <volume>107</volume>:<fpage>106789</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106789</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref213"><label>213.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tardieu</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></name> <name><surname>Travel</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Metayer</surname> <given-names>J-P</given-names></name> <name><surname>Le Bourhis</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Guerre</surname> <given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Fumonisin B1, B2 and B3 in muscle and liver of broiler chickens and Turkey poults fed with diets containing fusariotoxins at the EU maximum tolerable level</article-title>. <source>Toxins</source>. (<year>2019</year>) <volume>11</volume>:<fpage>590</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/toxins11100590</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31614665</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref214"><label>214.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tardieu</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></name> <name><surname>Travel</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Metayer</surname> <given-names>J-P</given-names></name> <name><surname>Le Bourhis</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Guerre</surname> <given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Zearalenone and metabolites in livers of Turkey Poults and broiler chickens fed with diets containing Fusariotoxins</article-title>. <source>Toxins</source>. (<year>2020</year>) <volume>12</volume>:<fpage>525</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/toxins12080525</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">32824220</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref215"><label>215.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Travel</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Metayer</surname> <given-names>J-P</given-names></name> <name><surname>Mika</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Bailly</surname> <given-names>J-D</given-names></name> <name><surname>Cleva</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></name> <name><surname>Boissieu</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Toxicity of fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone alone and in combination in turkeys fed with the maximum European Union&#x2013;tolerated level</article-title>. <source>Avian Dis</source>. (<year>2019</year>) <volume>63</volume>:<fpage>703</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>12</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1637/aviandiseases-D-19-00073</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31865686</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref216"><label>216.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sharma</surname> <given-names>V</given-names></name> <name><surname>Patial</surname> <given-names>V</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Food mycotoxins: dietary interventions implicated in the prevention of mycotoxicosis</article-title>. <source>ACS Food Sci Technol</source>. (<year>2021</year>) <volume>1</volume>:<fpage>1717</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>39</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1021/acsfoodscitech.1c00220</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref217"><label>217.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Grenier</surname> <given-names>B</given-names></name> <name><surname>Hackl</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Skalicky</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Thamhesl</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Moll</surname> <given-names>W-D</given-names></name> <name><surname>Berrios</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNAs in porcine uterus and serum are affected by zearalenone and represent a new target for mycotoxin biomarker discovery</article-title>. <source>Sci Rep</source>. (<year>2019</year>) <volume>9</volume>:<fpage>9408</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41598-019-45784-x</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31253833</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref218"><label>218.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pasquini</surname> <given-names>G</given-names></name> <name><surname>Kunej</surname> <given-names>T</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>A map of the microRNA regulatory networks identified by experimentally validated microRNA-target interactions in five domestic animals: cattle, pig, sheep, dog, and chicken</article-title>. <source>Omics</source>. (<year>2019</year>) <volume>23</volume>:<fpage>448</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>56</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1089/omi.2019.0082</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31381467</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref219"><label>219.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rong</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sun-Waterhouse</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></name> <name><surname>Jiang</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>F</given-names></name> <name><surname>Chen</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>The significance of regulatory Micro RNAs: their roles in Toxicodynamics of mycotoxins and in the protection offered by dietary therapeutics against mycotoxin-induced toxicity</article-title>. <source>Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf</source>. (<year>2019</year>) <volume>18</volume>:<fpage>48</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>66</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/1541-4337.12412</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">33337015</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref220"><label>220.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Marin</surname> <given-names>DE</given-names></name> <name><surname>Braicu</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Dumitrescu</surname> <given-names>G</given-names></name> <name><surname>Pistol</surname> <given-names>GC</given-names></name> <name><surname>Cojocneanu</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name> <name><surname>Neagoe</surname> <given-names>IB</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNA profiling in kidney in pigs fed ochratoxin a contaminated diet</article-title>. <source>Ecotoxicol Environ Saf</source>. (<year>2019</year>) <volume>184</volume>:<fpage>109637</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109637</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31499447</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref221"><label>221.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name> <name><surname>Deng</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yu</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhu</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yu</surname> <given-names>T</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>MiR-122 partly mediates the ochratoxin A-induced GC-2 cell apoptosis</article-title>. <source>Toxicol In Vitro</source>. (<year>2015</year>) <volume>30</volume>:<fpage>264</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>73</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tiv.2015.10.011</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26514935</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref222"><label>222.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhu</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yu</surname> <given-names>T</given-names></name> <name><surname>Qi</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yang</surname> <given-names>B</given-names></name> <name><surname>Shi</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Luo</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>miR-122 plays an important role in ochratoxin A-induced hepatocyte apoptosis in vitro and in vivo</article-title>. <source>Toxicol Res</source>. (<year>2016</year>) <volume>5</volume>:<fpage>160</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>7</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1039/c5tx00104h</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30090334</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref223"><label>223.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dai</surname> <given-names>Q</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhao</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Qi</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Xu</surname> <given-names>W</given-names></name> <name><surname>He</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Guo</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNA profiling of rats with ochratoxin a nephrotoxicity</article-title>. <source>BMC Genomics</source>. (<year>2014</year>) <volume>15</volume>:<fpage>1</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>14</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1471-2164-15-333</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref224"><label>224.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hennemeier</surname> <given-names>I</given-names></name> <name><surname>Humpf</surname> <given-names>H-U</given-names></name> <name><surname>Gekle</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Schwerdt</surname> <given-names>G</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Role of microRNA-29b in the ochratoxin A-induced enhanced collagen formation in human kidney cells</article-title>. <source>Toxicology</source>. (<year>2014</year>) <volume>324</volume>:<fpage>116</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>22</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tox.2014.07.012</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25091173</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref225"><label>225.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Stachurska</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ciesla</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Kozakowska</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wolffram</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Boesch-Saadatmandi</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Rimbach</surname> <given-names>G</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Cross-talk between micro RNA s, nuclear factor E 2-related factor 2, and heme oxygenase-1 in ochratoxin A-induced toxic effects in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells</article-title>. <source>Mol Nutr Food Res</source>. (<year>2013</year>) <volume>57</volume>:<fpage>504</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>15</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/mnfr.201200456</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23281030</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref226"><label>226.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Doricakova</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Vrzal</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>A food contaminant ochratoxin a suppresses pregnane X receptor (PXR)-mediated CYP3A4 induction in primary cultures of human hepatocytes</article-title>. <source>Toxicology</source>. (<year>2015</year>) <volume>337</volume>:<fpage>72</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>8</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tox.2015.08.012</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref227"><label>227.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Qi</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yang</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Chen</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>He</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Dweep</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Guo</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Ochratoxin a induced early hepatotoxicity: new mechanistic insights from microRNA, mRNA and proteomic profiling studies</article-title>. <source>Sci Rep</source>. (<year>2014</year>) <volume>4</volume>:<fpage>5163</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/srep05163</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref228"><label>228.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wu</surname> <given-names>T-S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yang</surname> <given-names>J-J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>Y-W</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yu</surname> <given-names>F-Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Liu</surname> <given-names>B-H</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Mycotoxin ochratoxin a disrupts renal development via a miR-731/prolactin receptor axis in zebrafish</article-title>. <source>Toxicology Res</source>. (<year>2016</year>) <volume>5</volume>:<fpage>519</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>29</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1039/C5TX00360A</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30090366</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref229"><label>229.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rhee</surname> <given-names>KH</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yang</surname> <given-names>SA</given-names></name> <name><surname>Pyo</surname> <given-names>MC</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lim</surname> <given-names>J-M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lee</surname> <given-names>K-W</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>MiR-155-5p elevated by Ochratoxin a induces intestinal fibrosis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition through TGF-&#x03B2; regulated signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo</article-title>. <source>Toxins</source>. (<year>2023</year>) <volume>15</volume>:<fpage>473</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/toxins15070473</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">37505742</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref230"><label>230.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Liu</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yu</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></name> <name><surname>Xing</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Chen</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Upregulation of mi R-34a-5p antagonizes AFB1-induced genotoxicity in F344 rat liver</article-title>. <source>Toxicon</source>. (<year>2015</year>) <volume>106</volume>:<fpage>46</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>56</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.016</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26385312</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref231"><label>231.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhu</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Gao</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Huang</surname> <given-names>K</given-names></name> <name><surname>Luo</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>B</given-names></name> <name><surname>Xu</surname> <given-names>W</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>miR-34a screened by miRNA profiling negatively regulates Wnt/&#x03B2;-catenin signaling pathway in aflatoxin B1 induced hepatotoxicity</article-title>. <source>Sci Rep</source>. (<year>2015</year>) <volume>5</volume>:<fpage>16732</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/srep16732</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26567713</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref232"><label>232.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ji</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Xu</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>miR-138-1&#x002A; regulates aflatoxin B1-induced malignant transformation of BEAS-2B cells by targeting PDK1</article-title>. <source>Arch Toxicol</source>. (<year>2016</year>) <volume>90</volume>:<fpage>1239</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>49</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00204-015-1551-4</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26084420</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref233"><label>233.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhao</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Chen</surname> <given-names>HQ</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yang</surname> <given-names>HF</given-names></name> <name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>XY</given-names></name> <name><surname>Liu</surname> <given-names>WB</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Gene expression network related to DNA methylation and miRNA regulation during the process of aflatoxin B1-induced malignant transformation of L02 cells</article-title>. <source>J Appl Toxicol</source>. (<year>2022</year>) <volume>42</volume>:<fpage>475</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>89</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/jat.4233</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">34561900</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref234"><label>234.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rieswijk</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Brauers</surname> <given-names>KJ</given-names></name> <name><surname>Coonen</surname> <given-names>ML</given-names></name> <name><surname>Van Breda</surname> <given-names>SG</given-names></name> <name><surname>Jennen</surname> <given-names>DG</given-names></name> <name><surname>Kleinjans</surname> <given-names>JC</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Evaluating microRNA profiles reveals discriminative responses following genotoxic or non-genotoxic carcinogen exposure in primary mouse hepatocytes</article-title>. <source>Mutagenesis</source>. (<year>2015</year>) <volume>30</volume>:<fpage>771</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>84</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/mutage/gev036</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25976910</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref235"><label>235.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Liu</surname> <given-names>Y-X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Long</surname> <given-names>X-D</given-names></name> <name><surname>Xi</surname> <given-names>Z-F</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ma</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Huang</surname> <given-names>X-Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yao</surname> <given-names>J-G</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNA-24 modulates aflatoxin B1-related hepatocellular carcinoma prognosis and tumorigenesis</article-title>. <source>Biomed Res Int</source>. (<year>2014</year>) <volume>2014</volume>:<fpage>482926</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2014/482926</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref236"><label>236.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Marrone</surname> <given-names>AK</given-names></name> <name><surname>Tryndyak</surname> <given-names>V</given-names></name> <name><surname>Beland</surname> <given-names>FA</given-names></name> <name><surname>Pogribny</surname> <given-names>IP</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNA responses to the genotoxic carcinogens aflatoxin B1 and benzo [a] pyrene in human Hepa RG cells</article-title>. <source>Toxicol Sci</source>. (<year>2016</year>) <volume>149</volume>:<fpage>496</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>502</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/toxsci/kfv253</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref237"><label>237.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fang</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Feng</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wu</surname> <given-names>T</given-names></name> <name><surname>Srinivas</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yang</surname> <given-names>W</given-names></name> <name><surname>Fan</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Aflatoxin B1 negatively regulates Wnt/&#x03B2;-catenin signaling pathway through activating mi R-33a</article-title>. <source>PLoS One</source>. (<year>2013</year>) <volume>8</volume>:<fpage>e73004</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0073004</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24015284</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref238"><label>238.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tian</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>M-Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>N</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>J-J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ge</surname> <given-names>W</given-names></name> <name><surname>Tan</surname> <given-names>S-J</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Zearalenone exposure triggered porcine granulosa cells apoptosis via microRNAs-mediated focal adhesion pathway</article-title>. <source>Toxicol Lett</source>. (<year>2020</year>) <volume>330</volume>:<fpage>80</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>9</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.05.009</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">32439583</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref239"><label>239.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zheng</surname> <given-names>W</given-names></name> <name><surname>Fan</surname> <given-names>W</given-names></name> <name><surname>Feng</surname> <given-names>N</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lu</surname> <given-names>N</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zou</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Gu</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>The role of miRNAs in zearalenone-promotion of TM3 cell proliferation</article-title>. <source>Int J Environ Res Public Health</source>. (<year>2019</year>) <volume>16</volume>:<fpage>1517</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijerph16091517</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31035709</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref240"><label>240.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>He</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Liu</surname> <given-names>W</given-names></name> <name><surname>Gou</surname> <given-names>K</given-names></name> <name><surname>Liu</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>MiR-7 mediates the zearalenone signaling pathway regulating FSH synthesis and secretion by targeting FOS in female pigs</article-title>. <source>Endocrinology</source>. (<year>2018</year>) <volume>159</volume>:<fpage>2993</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>3006</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1210/en.2018-00097</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29796618</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref241"><label>241.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhou</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Xu</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Cao</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Xiao</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Cai</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Genome-wide transcriptional profiling and functional analysis reveal miR-330-MAPK15 axis involving in cellular responses to deoxynivalenol exposure</article-title>. <source>Chemosphere</source>. (<year>2022</year>) <volume>298</volume>:<fpage>134199</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134199</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">35278444</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref242"><label>242.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hou</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Tong</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lin</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Yu</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ye</surname> <given-names>W-C</given-names></name> <name><surname>Xie</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>MiR-221/222 ameliorates deoxynivalenol-induced apoptosis and proliferation inhibition in intestinal epithelial cells by targeting PTEN</article-title>. <source>Front Cell Dev Biol</source>. (<year>2021</year>) <volume>9</volume>:<fpage>652939</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fcell.2021.652939</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">34095117</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref243"><label>243.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rong</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Jiang</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <name><surname>Li</surname> <given-names>F</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sun-Waterhouse</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhao</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Guan</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Close association between the synergistic toxicity of zearalenone-deoxynivalenol combination and microRNA221-mediated PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling in Hep G2 cells</article-title>. <source>Toxicology</source>. (<year>2022</year>) <volume>468</volume>:<fpage>153104</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tox.2022.153104</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">35090964</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref244"><label>244.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chuturgoon</surname> <given-names>AA</given-names></name> <name><surname>Phulukdaree</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Moodley</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Fumonisin B1 modulates expression of human cytochrome P 450 1b1 in human hepatoma (Hepg 2) cells by repressing Mir-27b</article-title>. <source>Toxicol Lett</source>. (<year>2014</year>) <volume>227</volume>:<fpage>50</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>5</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.02.026</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24614526</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref245"><label>245.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Pan</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <name><surname>Sheppard</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Both canonical and noncanonical Wnt signalling may be required for detoxification following ETP class mycotoxin exposure</article-title>. <source>Toxicol Lett</source>. (<year>2017</year>) <volume>271</volume>:<fpage>12</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>9</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.02.006</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28193462</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref246"><label>246.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ochieng</surname> <given-names>PE</given-names></name> <name><surname>Scippo</surname> <given-names>M-L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Kemboi</surname> <given-names>DC</given-names></name> <name><surname>Croubels</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Okoth</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Kangethe</surname> <given-names>EK</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Mycotoxins in poultry feed and feed ingredients from sub-Saharan Africa and their impact on the production of broiler and layer chickens: a review</article-title>. <source>Toxins</source>. (<year>2021</year>) <volume>13</volume>:<fpage>633</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/toxins13090633</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">34564637</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref247"><label>247.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sakamoto</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Murakami</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Fernandes</surname> <given-names>AM</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ospina-Rojas</surname> <given-names>I</given-names></name> <name><surname>Nunes</surname> <given-names>K</given-names></name> <name><surname>Hirata</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Performance and serum biochemical profile of Japanese quail supplemented with silymarin and contaminated with aflatoxin B1</article-title>. <source>Poult Sci</source>. (<year>2018</year>) <volume>97</volume>:<fpage>159</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>66</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3382/ps/pex277</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29077959</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref248"><label>248.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Liu</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Kumar Mishra</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>T</given-names></name> <name><surname>Xu</surname> <given-names>Z</given-names></name> <name><surname>Zhao</surname> <given-names>X</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wang</surname> <given-names>Y</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>AFB1 induced transcriptional regulation related to apoptosis and lipid metabolism in liver of chicken</article-title>. <source>Toxins</source>. (<year>2020</year>) <volume>12</volume>:<fpage>290</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/toxins12050290</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">32375309</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref249"><label>249.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Przybylska-Gornowicz</surname> <given-names>B</given-names></name> <name><surname>Lewczuk</surname> <given-names>B</given-names></name> <name><surname>Prusik</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Hanuszewska</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Petrusewicz-Kosi&#x0144;ska</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Gaj&#x0119;cka</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>The effects of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone on the pig large intestine. A light and electron microscopy study</article-title>. <source>Toxins</source>. (<year>2018</year>) <volume>10</volume>:<fpage>148</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/toxins10040148</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29617295</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref250"><label>250.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Segura-Wang</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Grenier</surname> <given-names>B</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ilic</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name> <name><surname>Ruczizka</surname> <given-names>U</given-names></name> <name><surname>Dippel</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>B&#x00FC;nger</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNA expression profiling in porcine liver, jejunum and serum upon dietary DON exposure reveals candidate toxicity biomarkers</article-title>. <source>Int J Mol Sci</source>. (<year>2021</year>) <volume>22</volume>:<fpage>12043</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijms222112043</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">34769473</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref251"><label>251.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Farnworth</surname> <given-names>E</given-names></name> <name><surname>Trenholm</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>The metabolism of the mycotoxin zearalenone and its effects on the reproductive tracts of young male and female pigs</article-title>. <source>Can J Anim Sci</source>. (<year>1983</year>) <volume>63</volume>:<fpage>967</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>75</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4141/cjas83-111</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref252"><label>252.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fink-Gremmels</surname> <given-names>J</given-names></name> <name><surname>Malekinejad</surname> <given-names>H</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Clinical effects and biochemical mechanisms associated with exposure to the mycoestrogen zearalenone</article-title>. <source>Anim Feed Sci Technol</source>. (<year>2007</year>) <volume>137</volume>:<fpage>326</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>41</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.06.008</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref253"><label>253.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Brzuzan</surname> <given-names>P</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wo&#x017A;ny</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Wolinska-Nizio&#x0142;</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></name> <name><surname>Piasecka</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Florczyk</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Jakimiuk</surname> <given-names>E</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>. <article-title>Micro RNA expression profiles in liver and colon of sexually immature gilts after exposure to fusarium mycotoxins</article-title>. <source>Pol J Vet Sci</source>. (<year>2015</year>) <volume>18</volume>:<fpage>29</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>38</lpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1515/pjvs-2015-0004</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25928907</pub-id></citation></ref>
<ref id="ref254"><label>254.</label><citation citation-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Greene</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></name> <name><surname>Udoka</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></name> <name><surname>Powell</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name> <name><surname>Noorai</surname> <given-names>R</given-names></name> <name><surname>Bruce</surname> <given-names>T</given-names></name> <name><surname>Duckett</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group>. <article-title>Impact of fetal exposure to mycotoxins on longissimus muscle fiber hypertrophy and mi RNA profile</article-title>. <source>BMC Genomics</source>. (<year>2022</year>) <volume>23</volume>:<fpage>595</fpage>. doi: <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12864-022-08794-0</pub-id>, PMID: <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">35971074</pub-id></citation></ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>