AUTHOR=Lekagul Angkana , Kirivan Supapat , Kaewkhankhaeng Wanwisa , Khotchalai Saowapa , Mader Rodolphe , Tangcharoensathien Viroj 

TITLE=Voluntary optimisation of antimicrobial consumption in swine and poultry production in Thailand: a policy analysis

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Veterinary Science

VOLUME=Volume 11 - 2024

YEAR=2024

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science/articles/10.3389/fvets.2024.1375127

DOI=10.3389/fvets.2024.1375127

ISSN=2297-1769

ABSTRACT=Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health concern with significant implications on economies and health security, affecting humans, animals, food, and the environment. To tackle this issue, promoting responsible antimicrobial use in livestock production has emerged as a crucial intervention. In 2018, Thailand introduced the Voluntary Optimization of Antimicrobial Consumption (VOAC) programme, with the objective to encourage responsible antimicrobial use practices. This study aimed to analyse the context, content, process and actors of the VOAC programme. A qualitative method including document reviews and key informant interviews were applied. In-depth interviews were conducted with 18 key informants who are key stakeholders from public and private sectors involved in the policy formulation, design of policy contents and implementation of VOAC: policy makers or officers responsible for animal health (n=12), animal producers (n=2), animal product traders or retailers (n=2), and farm veterinarians (n=2). Interview transcripts were validated by informants for accuracy, and triangulated with document review findings.Deductive approach was applied for data analysis and interpretation based on Walt and Gilson's policy analysis framework.The VOAC farm certification comprises of Raised Without Antibiotics (RWA) and Reducing Antibiotic Use (RAU), both aiming to combat AMR in food animals. Global and national factors, including increased public awareness, policy commitments, export requirements from the European Union, and international organisation advocacies, influenced the development of the programme led by the Department of Livestock Development (DLD), under the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. Collaboration with the private sector facilitated policy clarity, with implementation primarily executed through regional, provincial, and district livestock officers. Integration of the programme with the pre-existing Good