AUTHOR=Kolachi Hubdar Ali , Zhang Xiaomeng , Rahimoon Muhammad Mohsen , Shahzad Muhammad , Oluwaseun Ayantoye Jesse , Panhwar Muhammad Ibrahim , Hassan Mohammad Farooque , Tawfik Kandil Omaima Mohammad , Wan Pengcheng , Zhao Xueming 

TITLE=Fixed-time artificial insemination technology in buffaloes: a review

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Veterinary Science

VOLUME=Volume 12 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science/articles/10.3389/fvets.2025.1586609

DOI=10.3389/fvets.2025.1586609

ISSN=2297-1769

ABSTRACT=Buffalo occupies a leading position as a major livestock commodity and is the primary milk-producing animal in many countries like Italy, China, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal. Buffalo farming emphasizes the significance of effective reproductive strategies. Among effective reproductive strategy, artificial insemination has a significant influence on herd's genetic progress. Nonetheless, buffaloes exhibit unique reproductive behavior, which complicates the insemination process. These animals demonstrate inconsistent periods (ranging from 6–48 h) of mounting acceptance. Therefore, timed artificial insemination (TAI) has surfaced as a useful technique for advancing buffalo breeding initiatives and omits the need for heat detection. TAI enhances reproductive management and genetic progress in buffaloes by synchronizing estrus and optimizing insemination timing. This review focuses on examining buffalo reproductive physiology, particularly emphasizing estrus synchronization protocols, ovulation, and TAI. We also provide a brief description of the factors influencing TAI success, such as hormonal treatments and environmental conditions. This review underscores TAI's importance identifies areas for further research and development and reinforces its central role in sustainable buffalo farming.