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        <title>Frontiers in Veterinary Science | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Frontiers in Veterinary Science | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
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        <pubDate>2026-05-04T03:58:21.489+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
        <item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1791118</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1791118</link>
        <title><![CDATA[In vitro assessment of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine immunogenicity: advances, challenges, and ethical considerations]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Lebogang Othusitse</author><author>Tshephang I. Kabelo</author><author>Kaone A. Nkwe</author><author>LaToya Seoke</author><author>Elliot M. Fana</author><author>Kebaneilwe Lebani</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Vaccination is widely used to control foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), necessitating robust approaches for evaluating vaccine potency to ensure a consistent supply of effective and safe vaccines. Traditional (in vivo) potency testing methods rely on live animal models, raising ethical concerns, logistical constraints, procedural variability and significant financial costs. In vitro approaches have therefore been increasingly explored to complement these methods and address these challenges. Recent advancements in in vitro methodologies have focused on assessing vaccine-induced immune responses and virus-neutralizing activity using a variety of innovative cell-based assays, recombinant protein-based immunoassays, and molecular techniques, all of which have shown promise as surrogate tools that support vaccine potency evaluation. However, several challenges persist in optimizing these in vitro methods. Key obstacles include the standardization of assay protocols, ensuring reproducibility across different laboratories, and addressing the complexities of immune responses that occur in vivo, which are difficult to replicate in in vitro environments. Furthermore, there remains a need for robust validation of in vitro assays using a broad range of field isolates to ensure their relevance to diverse viral strains. This review examines the current landscape of in vitro approaches supporting FMD vaccine-induced immune responses, detailing both the advancements made in assay development and the challenges that remain to be overcome. Furthermore, there is discussion of the role of these methods in complementing conventional animal-based testing, particularly as non-invasive endpoints aligned with the principles of the 3Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement), with potential to improve efficiency, ethical standards, and global FMD control strategies.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1755813</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1755813</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria isolated from corneal ulcers and healthy eyes of canines in Ibagué-Tolima, Colombia]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Dunia Yisela Trujillo Piso</author><author>Yeli Camila Van-Arcken Aguilar</author><author>Mónica Yamile Padilla Barreto</author><author>María del Pilar Sánchez Bonilla</author>
        <description><![CDATA[ObjectiveTo identify the ocular microbiota of healthy dogs and with corneal ulcers, and the sensitivity-resistance of the isolated bacteria to antibiotics.Animal studied60 dogs were included. 30 of them free of clinical or ophthalmic disease; 30 diagnosed with a corneal ulcer.ProceduresSamples for microbiological analysis were obtained by a sterile swab passed over the conjunctival sac and the cornea. The samples were inoculated on agars and identified by microscopy, Gram stain, and biochemical tests. Sensidiscs of sulfa, ciprofloxacin, tobramycin, tetracycline and gentamicin were included for the antibiogram.Results67% of the patients with corneal ulcers showed bacterial growth; 83% were Gram-positive bacteria. Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., and Pseudomonas spp. were the most frequently isolated bacteria and were mainly sensitive to ciprofloxacin, followed by tobramycin, sulfa drugs, gentamicin, and tetracycline. 33% of the healthy patients showed bacterial growth with predominance of Gram-positive bacteria. The bacterial genera mainly isolated were Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus spp. and Acinetobacter spp., which in turn were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, sulfa drugs and gentamicin, and resistant to tetracycline and tobramycin.ConclusionStaphylococcus was the most frequently isolated genus in healthy and dogs with corneal ulcers. In corneal ulcers, Streptococcus and Pseudomonas also predominate. The bacteria isolated in dogs with and without corneal ulcers were mainly sensitive to ciprofloxacin, hence its use is recommended in these patients, and the use of tetracycline and gentamicin is advised against due to their significant resistance results.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1727080</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1727080</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A review on phytochemical and bacteriophage based therapeutic strategies for the management of Brucellosis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Rajshree Vidyashankar</author><author>Subhash Verma</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Brucellosis, a zoonotic disease, triggers severe inflammation and reproductive complications in both humans and animals. The standard treatment protocol relies on prolonged antibiotic courses, often combining streptomycin and doxycycline, or gentamicin and doxycycline, for a duration of six to eight weeks. However, concerns have arisen regarding the efficacy, with a notable 15% failure rate and frequent relapses. The lack of suitable vaccines and the rise of antimicrobial resistance in Brucella spp., due to prolonged antibiotic use further complicate the issue. This review underscores the pressing issue of antibiotic resistance, prompting an exploration of alternative treatment avenues. Phytochemicals like polyphenols and terpenoid rich essential oils have been reported to possess strong anti-Brucellar activity and function by disrupting cell wall and membrane functions, prevent binding to host cells and internalization and inhibit DNA replication and transcription and enzyme synthesis. Similarly, bacteriophages, have demonstrated promise as diagnostic, therapeutic and biocontrol agents in Brucellosis management. The efficacy of bacteriophage mediated strategies can be enhanced by site specific delivery through nano-encapsulation techniques while engineered phages can be used for diagnosis and modulate immune response in host. These alternative therapies have even been found to stimulate innate immunity in host. However, the precise mechanisms through which these treatments operate remain elusive, warranting further investigation. In conclusion, this paper advocates for the integration of novel plant-based therapy as adjuvant treatment option for both human and livestock brucellosis, while phage therapy as complementary strategy to augment the conventional treatments in livestock brucellosis. These non-antibiotic alternatives aim to improve treatment efficacy, reduce the required duration of conventional antibiotic regimens, and minimize economic losses in agriculture. The future of brucellosis management may lie in a multi-faceted approach that combines antibiotics with innovative, natural alternatives.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1798131</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1798131</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A rapid visual detection method for indel polymorphisms in the bovine PRNP gene based on a duplex MIRA-LFD assay]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Ye Xu</author><author>Siyu Yang</author><author>Siling Ding</author><author>Ting Xu</author><author>Like Zhu</author><author>Weiming Xiao</author><author>Jian Ge</author><author>Feng Guan</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Insertion/deletion (indel) polymorphisms in the bovine PRNP gene promoter region (23 bp) and intron 1 (12 bp) influence gene expression and susceptibility to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Conventional detection methods based on DNA sequencing are cumbersome and time-consuming. This study developed a visual detection method for these two polymorphic loci using multienzyme isothermal rapid amplification (MIRA) combined with lateral flow dipstick (LFD) technology, enabling efficient, low-cost, and rapid analysis. We designed specific MIRA primers and LFD probes for the bovine PRNP gene and optimized the reaction system. This allows the 12 bp and 23 bp indel polymorphisms to be detected visually based on the presence or absence of colored bands on test strips. By employing specific probes for each locus on a single duplex strip, the assay facilitates the simultaneous visual detection and haplotyping of both polymorphic loci. Tests on 62 randomly selected commercial cattle-derived products showed that the genotyping results for both loci were completely consistent with sequencing results. The established method is simple, convenient, highly specific, and easy to operate. It has minimal requirements for laboratory equipment, providing a practical technical platform for PRNP-assisted breeding in cattle and for the genotyping analysis of cattle products.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1843100</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1843100</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Current methods and mechanisms for animal models of pelvic inflammatory disease: a review]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Guanglong Wang</author><author>Suo Zhang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a complex multifactorial infectious disorder of the female reproductive tract, associated with severe long-term sequelae including infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain, as well as elevated risks of endometriosis, cardiometabolic diseases, and colorectal cancer. Owing to ethical constraints on human research, animal models have become indispensable tools for investigating PID pathogenesis, evaluating therapeutic interventions, and developing novel diagnostic strategies. This review systematically summarizes current advances in PID animal model construction, with a focus on three core induction categories: pathogen, chemical, and physical induction methods. Pathogen induction utilizes single or multiple microorganisms (including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum) to recapitulate the infectious etiology of clinical PID. Chemical induction employs agents such as phenol mucilage, hydrochloric acid combined with lipopolysaccharide, and exogenous estrogen to simulate inflammatory processes via direct tissue damage or immune modulation. Physical induction methods include mechanical injury to disrupt mucosal barriers and foreign body implantation to mimic intrauterine device-related chronic inflammation. We further analyze integrated induction strategies that combine multiple approaches to improve model stability and pathological fidelity, and compare the strengths, limitations, and applicable scenarios of each modeling method. Finally, we discuss current gaps in PID animal model research, including the lack of standardized protocols, insufficient characterization of chronic disease progression, and limited translational relevance to human disease, and propose priorities for future model development to support preclinical research on PID prevention and treatment.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1788257</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1788257</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Incidence, risk factors, and prognosis of acute kidney injury in mechanically ventilated dogs and cats]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Zhi H. Hsu</author><author>Alex M. Lynch</author><author>Ronald H. Li</author><author>Bernie Hansen</author><author>Yu Ueda</author>
        <description><![CDATA[ObjectiveTo evaluate the incidence, risk factors, and prognostic impact of acute kidney injury (AKI) in dogs and cats managed with mechanical ventilation (MV).DesignRetrospective single-institution study (Jan 2015–Aug 2023).SettingUniversity teaching hospital.Animals96 animals, including 81 dogs and 15 cats, undergoing MV management.Measurements and main resultsThe incidence of AKI in this animal cohort was 26% (25/96). There was no significant difference in AKI incidence between dogs and cats (p > 0.99). The mortality rate of animals with AKI was 64% (16/25) while those without AKI was 50.7% (36/71) (p = 0.35). AKI development was not significantly associated with the survival to discharge rate, while SpO2 measured before (p = 0.01) and after initiation of MV (p = 0.0079) and duration of hospitalization (p < 0.0001) were significantly associated with the survival to discharge rate. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, age, baseline serum creatinine, congestive heart failure status, and duration of MV and hospitalization were not independently associated with AKI development.ConclusionAKI was common in animals managed with MV. However, the development of AKI was not significantly associated with the survival to discharge rate in this cohort.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1734152</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1734152</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Comparative design of artificial ochratoxin A antigens: conjugation strategies and immunogenicity evaluation for antibody production]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Li Han</author><author>Yuetao Li</author><author>Haocheng Zhang</author><author>Yidan Wang</author><author>Jinqing Jiang</author><author>Renfeng Li</author><author>Guoying Fan</author><author>Yanhong Cui</author><author>Yongqiang Wang</author><author>Ziliang Wang</author><author>Changzhong Liu</author><author>Wen Chen</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a common fungal toxin contaminant in feed that is primarily produced by fungi belonging to the Aspergillus and Penicillium genera. In animal husbandry, the long-term ingestion of OTA-contaminated feed by animals can lead to severe consequences, such as reduced production performance, immunosuppression, and kidney and liver damage. Therefore, the development of efficient OTA detection technology is crucial for ensuring animal health and enhancing farming efficiency. This study aimed to design and modify the molecular structure of OTA, compare the preparation and identification of two artificial antigens, and select the optimal artificial antigen. Based on the molecular structure of OTA, the OTA hapten was activated via the N-hydroxysuccinimide active ester (NHS) method to generate an intermediate product known as OTA-carboxylic acid ester. This intermediate was subsequently conjugated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) via the coupling agents N, N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) or 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) to prepare new and effective artificial antigens. Additionally, ovalbumin (OVA) was used to prepare detection antigens. The structures of the prepared artificial antigens were physically and chemically characterized via instrumental analysis techniques such as ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Mice were immunized with artificial antigens to explore their immunogenicity. The results revealed successful conjugation of both artificial antigens with molecular binding ratios of OTA to BSA of 10.88:1 and 7.84:1. The immunized mice exhibited corresponding responses, and the titers of the mouse polyclonal antisera (pAbs) reached 1:3.2 × 103, the OTA pAb that was prepared from two artificial antigens was able to recognize OTA with 100% accuracy. Among them, the mice immunized with the artificial antigen OTA-BSA (EDC) exhibited the best sensitivity, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 11.40 ng/mL. Although the cross-reactivity rates with ochratoxin B (OTB) and ochratoxin C (OTC) were relatively high at 86.69% and 62.02%, respectively, the cross-reactivity rates with other compounds were less than 0.3%. In conclusion, this study successfully prepared two artificial antigens and selected the OTA-BSA (EDC) group as the optimal artificial antigen via identification. These results provide the antigenic foundation for the preparation of OTA monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and the establishment of immunological analysis methods.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1774322</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1774322</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A review on the use of coconut oil to mitigate methane emissions in ruminants: mechanisms of action and research progress]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Lun Sun</author><author>Xin Wang</author><author>Yong Long</author><author>Xu Wang</author><author>Xinran Niu</author><author>Huijie Li</author><author>Nittaya Taethaisong</author><author>Weerada Meethip</author><author>Siwaporn Paengkoum</author><author>Pramote Paengkoum</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Methane (CH4) generated during ruminal fermentation in ruminants is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions and represents a substantial loss of dietary energy. Therefore, mitigating enteric CH4 emissions through safe and efficient nutritional strategies is of considerable ecological and economic significance. Coconut oil (CO) has received increasing attention due to its distinctive fatty acid profile. Accumulating evidence indicates that the medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) abundant in CO exert direct inhibitory effects on rumen protozoa and methanogenic archaea, thereby conferring strong antimethanogenic potential. However, the CH4 mitigation efficacy of CO is often accompanied by trade-offs related to rumen microbial ecology, animal productive performance, and the nutritional quality of animal-derived products, particularly at higher doses where fiber digestibility and dry matter intake (DMI) may decline. Consequently, a clearer definition of safe and effective inclusion levels across different ruminant species and production stages is needed. This review systematically summarizes the physicochemical properties and safety of CO, with particular emphasis on its mechanisms of action within the rumen. Furthermore, current application studies and future research prospects of CO in ruminant production are discussed, providing a scientific reference for its use in nutritional strategy to lower methane in ruminant systems.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1611532</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1611532</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Engineering a 3D matrix from porcine plasma for enhanced cell proliferation and differentiation]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Yangyang Ma</author><author>Xiaohui Peng</author><author>Yuting Lin</author><author>Tiantian Xia</author><author>Qianqian Pan</author><author>Yuhang Wu</author><author>Mingjing Cui</author><author>Shuaifeng Shen</author><author>Fugui Fang</author><author>Yunsheng Li</author><author>Zubing Cao</author><author>Yunhai Zhang</author><author>Tong Yu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionThe limited availability of suitable scaffolds for three-dimensional (3D) cell culture has driven the development of new biomaterials. In this study, we developed a porcine fibrin matrix gel (PFMG) derived entirely from porcine blood as a species-matched 3D scaffold that integrates the structural support of fibrin with the bioactive components of porcine platelet lysate (PPL).MethodsPFMG was prepared from porcine plasma supplemented with PPL and calcium to induce gelation. Its physicochemical properties, including tunable stiffness, fibrillar microstructure, and molecular sieve–like behavior, were characterized by coagulation testing, diffusion assays, scanning electron microscopy, and rheological analysis. The biological performance of PFMG was evaluated using porcine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and porcine embryonic fibroblasts (PEFs), and compared with conventional two-dimensional (2D) cultures supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS) or PPL. Cell proliferation, MSC tri-lineage differentiation, and transcriptomic changes were assessed.ResultsPFMG formed a stable fibrin-based 3D network with adjustable mechanical properties and selective permeability to small molecules. Compared with conventional 2D culture systems, PFMG significantly enhanced the proliferation of both MSCs and PEFs and supported a characteristic 3D cellular morphology. MSCs cultured in PFMG retained adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation potential, and adipogenic differentiation was further enhanced when induction was performed with PPL instead of FBS. Transcriptomic analysis of MSCs cultured in PFMG revealed a distinct gene-expression profile characterized by upregulation of genes involved in cell-cycle progression, oxidative phosphorylation, and growth-related pathways, alongside downregulation of genes associated with cell adhesion and extracellular matrix interactions.DiscussionThese findings indicate that PFMG provides a supportive, species-specific, and cost-effective 3D microenvironment for porcine cell culture. By combining scaffold function with platelet-derived bioactivity, PFMG promotes cell expansion while preserving multilineage differentiation capacity. This fully porcine platform therefore represents a promising biomaterial for porcine cell culture, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine applications.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1798164</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1798164</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Case Report: Neurological examination, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging in South American camelids and a dromedary]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Case Report</category>
        <author>Marlene Sickinger</author><author>Daniela Farke</author><author>Meike L. Schmidt</author><author>Martin J. Schmidt</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionSouth American camelids (SACs) and dromedaries presenting with neurological abnormalities are increasingly common in veterinary practice. Advanced diagnostic imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are typically available only in specialized veterinary clinics, and their feasibility is often limited by the animal’s size. We aim to describe CT and MRI findings in a cohort of SACs and dromedaries diagnosed with neurological diseases.MethodsMedical records were retrospectively reviewed for SACs and dromedaries that underwent CT and MRI of the brain or spinal cord between 2010 and 2025. Fourteen alpacas, two llamas, and one dromedary met the inclusion criteria.ResultsIntracranial diseases included trauma (n = 1) and inflammatory conditions, such as abscess formation (n = 1), and intracranial mycotic granuloma (n = 1). Otitis externa and interna with intracranial extension were observed in five cases. Spinal cord disorders included discospondylitis (n = 5), vertebral subluxation (n = 1), and trauma-associated intramedullary lesions (n = 2).ConclusionCT and MRI are valuable tools for diagnosing and characterizing neurologic diseases of the central nervous system in SACs and dromedaries and should be part of the diagnostic work-up when feasible.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1813283</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1813283</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Effects of enrichment removal on cognitive judgement bias of mice: a comparison of two paradigms]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Viktoria Siewert</author><author>Louisa Bierbaum</author><author>Melanie Gleske</author><author>Carolin Mundinger</author><author>Rupert Palme</author><author>Sylvia Kaiser</author><author>Norbert Sachser</author><author>S. Helene Richter</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Cognitive judgement bias (CJB) tests have become indispensable for assessing animal emotions. However, the methodology can vary profoundly. In mice, for example, approaches based on vision, spatial orientation and olfaction have all been used. Yet, the impact of such differences for test outcomes remains largely unexplored. Therefore, we aimed to assess the role of methodological variations for CJB test results by applying two different paradigms for mice: one using visual cues displayed on a touchscreen and another using spatial cues in form of different tunnel lengths. Mice were trained in either paradigm. Upon successful training, the enrichment was removed from their cages to induce differences in affective state. Thereafter, animals were tested for their CJB. Anxiety-like behaviour and faecal corticosterone metabolites (FCMs) served as additional indicators of affective state. Against our expectations, we did not detect effects of enrichment removal on CJB in any paradigm. Likewise, no effects on anxiety-like behaviour were found. By trend, animals showed increased FCMs after enrichment removal. We discuss potential reasons for these findings, focusing on the possibility that the enrichment removal effect might have been too weak. Overall, the influence of methodological characteristics such as cue modality on CJB test results remains an important focus for future studies.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1801528</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1801528</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Influence of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) on lipid metabolism in calf hepatocytes exposed to high fatty acid levels]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Bin Jia</author><author>Yan Tian</author><author>Changhong Gao</author><author>Yaqi Chang</author><author>Zexin Zhang</author><author>Yuxi Song</author><author>Cheng Xia</author><author>Yongli Qu</author><author>Wei Yang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionFatty liver is a common metabolic disease in dairy cows during early postpartum period, which is characterized by excessive hepatic triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation. However, the mechanisms of bile acid (BA) metabolism in dairy cows experiencing fatty liver remain poorly elucidated. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays a critical role in the regulation of BA homeostasis. Consequently, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of FXR-mediated BA metabolism following stimulation with high concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA).MethodsIn vivo, liver tissue from healthy control cows (n = 6; with hepatic TAG < 1%) and fatty liver cows (n = 6; with hepatic TAG > 2%) were used to evaluate the factors related to BA metabolism. In vitro, hepatocytes isolated from three healthy female calves were exposed to either 1.2 mM FFAs or kept as controls to simulate metabolic distress. Subsequently, hepatocytes were treated with either 5 µM of the FXR activator GW4064 or 5 µM of the FXR inhibitor (Z)-guggulsterone with or without the addition of 1.2 mM FFAs.ResultsOur findings indicate that both in vivo and in vitro exposure to FFAs was associated with increased mRNA and protein abundance of bile acid synthesis-related factors (CYP7A1, CYP8B1) and mRNA expression of CYP7B1. Conversely, the expression of BA synthesis-related factors (FXR, CYP27A1) and BA transporters (ABCC2, ABCB11) were diminished in fatty liver cows compared to controls. Furthermore, compared to the control group, fatty acid synthesis-related factors (SREBF1, ACC1, FASN), a mitochondrial dysfunction marker (VDAC1), and oxidative stress indicators (ROS, H2O2) were upregulated in the FFA group. Additionally, cholesterol synthesis-related genes (SREBF2, HMGCR) were lower in the FFA group compared to the control group. Notably, compared to the FFA group, the GW4064 + FFA group showed reduced expression of CYP7A1, CYP8B1, CYP27A1, CYP7B1, SREBF1, ACC1, FASN, and VDAC1, along with decreased TAG, ROS, and H2O2 in hepatocytes. Conversely, the expression of FXR, SREBF2, HMGCR, ABCC2, and ABCB11 was higher in the GW4064 + FFA group compared to the FFA group. Furthermore, the application of the FXR inhibitor (Z)-guggulsterone yielded results that were contrary those observed with GW4064.DiscussionOverall, our data suggest that FXR activation by GW4064 effectively attenuated high FFA-induced BA and lipid accumulation in calf hepatocytes, which ultimately alleviated hepatocyte oxidative damage.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1839256</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1839256</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Genetic recombination and pathogenicity assessment of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2 strains in China]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Yongliang Zhang</author><author>Junmei Zhang</author><author>Leilei Sun</author><author>Qing Li</author><author>Wenbo Song</author><author>Mingguang Zhou</author><author>Gaoyuan Xu</author><author>Xibiao Tang</author><author>Huanchun Chen</author><author>Yunfeng Song</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus type 2 (PRRSV-2) has been endemic in China for more than three decades; however, comprehensive epidemiological investigations under field conditions remain limited in recent years. To address this gap, a total of 21,413 clinical samples were collected from 6,974 pig farms across 31 provinces in China between 2023 and 2024 to investigate the epidemiological dynamics of PRRSV-2. Phylogenetic analysis of 1,528 ORF5 sequences identified five major circulating lineages: lineage 1.8 (NADC30-like), lineage 1.5 (NADC34-like), lineage 3.5 (QYYZ-like), lineage 5.1 (VR2332-like), and lineage 8.7 (HP-PRRSV). Among these, lineage 1.8 predominated in both 2023 (47.29%) and 2024 (49.08%). To further characterize the genomic features and pathogenicity of the dominant clinical strains, five recombinant lineage 1.8 PRRSV isolates harboring a characteristic discontinuous 131-amino-acid deletion in nsp2 were successfully isolated. Pathogenicity assessments in piglets revealed distinct differences in virulence among three representative isolates, as reflected by elevated rectal temperatures, reduced average daily weight gain, and high levels of viremia and viral loads in serum, nasal swabs, spleen, lungs, and lymph nodes. Notably, strains with a JXA1-like major parental backbone and an NADC30-like minor parental contribution exhibited higher pathogenicity than those with an NADC30-like major parent and a WUH4-like minor parent. Collectively, this study demonstrates that PRRSV-2 circulation in China is characterized by pronounced seasonality, extensive genetic recombination, and the dominance of genetically diverse lineage 1.8 strains, including recombinants, providing critical insights for targeted surveillance and effective control strategies.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1789173</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1789173</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Long-term effects of systemic ceftiofur and ampicillin on the abundance and duration of shedding of resistant Gram-negative bacteria in the feces of healthy dairy cows: a randomized clinical trial]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Juliano L. Gonçalves</author><author>Amanda T. F. Silva</author><author>Karla Vasco</author><author>Cara I. Robison</author><author>Shannon D. Manning</author><author>Lixin Zhang</author><author>Bo Norby</author><author>Rinosh Mani</author><author>Pamela L. Ruegg</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionWe aimed to evaluate the long-term effects of systemic ceftiofur (CEF) and ampicillin (AMP) on the abundance and duration of fecal shedding of resistant Gram-negative (GN) bacteria from healthy dairy cows, as compared to cows that did not receive antibiotic treatment.MethodsHealthy lactating Holstein cows were randomly assigned to receive once daily treatments for 5 days with CEF (2.2 mg/kg subcutaneously, n = 8), AMP (11 mg/kg intramuscular, n = 8) or isotonic sodium chloride solution (25 cc, subcutaneously, n = 8). Fecal grab samples were collected before the initial treatment (day 0) and weekly for 11 weeks, beginning 2 days after the final treatment. Briefly, samples were diluted and inoculated in duplicate using a spiral plater on MacConkey agar or MacConkey agar supplemented with AMP or CEF. The phenotypic abundance of GN bacteria resistant to AMP or CEF was enumerated using a logarithmic scale and as a proportion of the total number of GN bacteria. Generalized linear mixed models for repeated measurements were used to compare the abundance of resistant bacteria among treatments over a 12-week clinical trial period.ResultsThe abundance of GN bacteria did not vary within or among treatments over the weeks of the trial. The abundance of GN bacteria resistant to AMP and CEF did not differ among treatment groups within a given week. After treatment, systemic treatment with AMP or CEF did not increase the proportion of resistant GN bacteria in feces of treated cows as compared to a control group that did not receive antibiotic treatment. Our preliminary molecular results suggest that the overall bacterial composition remained similar across groups. The relative abundance of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG) revealed that the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLS), aminoglycoside, tetracycline, and elfamycin classes were the most predominant, whereas beta-lactams were moderate, ranging from 4 to 7%.ConclusionIn summary, a long-term effect of systemic treatment with AMP or CEF in healthy dairy cows produced minimal changes in the abundance of resistant GN bacteria, which indicates that systemically administered treatments of AMP and CEF had similar effects on the abundance and duration of resistant bacteria shedding in feces.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1778331</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1778331</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Optimizing transducer choice for the detection of alveolar–interstitial syndrome in dogs and cats: an evidence-based review]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Kyle L. Granger</author><author>Cody I. Riffe</author><author>Søren R. Boysen</author><author>Charles T. Talbot</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Alveolar–interstitial syndrome (AIS) is a common ultrasonographic finding in dogs and cats with pulmonary pathology, including cardiogenic pulmonary edema, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and pulmonary contusion. Point-of-care lung ultrasound (LUS) has emerged as a rapid, noninvasive, and repeatable diagnostic tool for identifying AIS in emergency and critical care patients. Despite its increasing clinical adoption, transducer selection remains largely operator-dependent, with limited evidence-based guidance for veterinary applications. This review synthesizes current veterinary and human literature to evaluate how transducer type influences the detection and characterization of AIS in small animals. The acoustic properties, field of view, penetration depth, and resolution trade-offs of linear, curvilinear, and microconvex transducers are discussed in relation to B-line visualization, pleural line assessment, and detection of subpleural consolidations. Comparative performance data, including the results of recent veterinary studies, are integrated to highlight differences in diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and interobserver reliability. A clinical decision-making framework is proposed, outlining optimal transducer selection by patient size, suspected pathology, and clinical context (triage, monitoring, follow-up). Practical considerations such as transducer availability, equipment ergonomics, and operator training are addressed. Knowledge gaps and future research priorities, including the role of portable devices and AI-assisted image interpretation, are identified. By consolidating the available evidence, this review aims to standardize and optimize transducer selection in veterinary lung ultrasound, improving diagnostic accuracy, accelerating clinical decision-making, and ultimately enhancing patient outcomes in small animal emergency and critical care.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1812243</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1812243</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The spread of Echinococcus multilocularis in the Balkans is facilitated by the golden jackal]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Aleksandra Uzelac</author><author>Katarina Breka</author><author>Aleksandra Penezić</author><author>Ilija Pantelić</author><author>Milica Kuručki</author><author>Neda Bogdanović</author><author>Tijana Kukurić</author><author>Nikola Betić</author><author>Jelena Karanović</author><author>Ivana Klun</author><author>Duško Ćirović</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionHuman alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by the zoonotic tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis, is an emerging disease in the Balkans. The presence of this tapeworm has been detected in several wildlife species, including the golden jackal, a confirmed definitive host. The golden jackal is distributed throughout the Balkans, with a large resident population in Serbia. The aim of this study was to identify Echinococcus spp. circulating in golden jackals, identify regions with high occurrence of Echinococcus multilocularis and gain insight into the geographical spread of this tapeworm.MethodsThe intestinal mucosa and feces of legally hunted golden jackals were examined for the presence of Echinococcus spp. adults and eggs. The mucosa was examined by sedimentation in saline, while taeniid eggs were isolated by zinc chloride flotation and collected after sequential mesh filtration. DNA was extracted from the adults/eggs and screened for the presence of DNA of the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato complex and Echinococcus multilocularis using specific PCR methods.ResultsEchinococcus multilocularis was detected in seven (5.7%) golden jackals (n = 122), Echinococcus canadensis G6-8, 10 was detected in two, while Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto G1/3 was detected in one. Two areas with high occurrence of jackals infected with Echinococcus multilocularis were identified, one in the south (city of Niš and surrounding area) and another in the west (area including Čačak and Mount Zlatibor) of the country.DiscussionThis study shows that Echinococcus multilocularis is the most frequent of the Echinococcus spp. tapeworms in golden jackals and widely distributed over Serbian territory. Of greatest concern to public health is the finding that 3/7 animals infected with Echinococcus multilocularis were detected in hunting grounds near cities (Niš and Čačak). The results of this study indicate that systematic surveillance and monitoring of golden jackals for the presence of Echinococcus multilocularis should be introduced in Serbia.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1853921</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1853921</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Correction: Adrenal gland adenoma with myelolipoma in a canine patient: a rare case report and diagnostic insights]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Correction</category>
        <author>Ecaterina Semzenisi</author><author>Romelia Pop</author><author>Andrada Negoescu</author><author>Lucia Bel</author><author>Alexandra Creţ</author><author>Irina Constantin</author><author>Claudiu-Nicusor Ionica</author><author>Sorana Catoi</author><author>Ibrahima Mamadou Sall</author><author>Alexandu-Flaviu Tǎbǎran</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1779067</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1779067</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Case Report: Feline spinous process giant-cell osteosarcoma]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Case Report</category>
        <author>Dries K. M. Vercoutere</author><author>Lucinda L. Van Stee</author><author>Erik A. W. S. Weerts</author><author>Björn P. Meij</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Two adult domestic shorthair cats were evaluated for progressive neurologic deficits caused by spinal cord compression secondary to vertebral osteosarcoma, giant-cell subtype. Feline giant cell osteosarcoma represents a rare tumor type, particularly uncommon in the vertebral column. The cats showed progressive paraparesis or hemiparesis, with neuroanatomic localization to C1–C5 and T3–L3 respectively. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a single, well-demarcated osseous mass arising from the spinous process for and lamina for each patient (case 1 at C6 and case 2 at T4). Both lesions produced marked >50% dorsal spinal cord compression and were isointense to the spinal cord on T1-weighted images and hypointense on T2–weighted images. Cytology prior to surgical intervention was performed in one case, confirming sarcoma diagnosis, and both affected cats underwent a dorsal laminectomy procedure, involving the removal of the affected spinous process and lamina. Histopathology was performed for both patients and confirmed giant cell osteosarcoma in both cases and additional features consistent with the telangiectatic subtype of osteosarcoma in one case. Post-operative recovery included initial resolving of presenting clinical signs, though both cats ultimately experienced recurrent neurological deterioration consistent with local tumor recurrence, leading to euthanasia. These cases illustrate that spinal giant cell osteosarcoma should be considered in cats with progressive myelopathy. They demonstrate that surgical decompression alone can provide substantial neurological improvement, with the potential for medium-term stability or remission. As local tumor recurrence caused eventual relapse of clinical signs, improving pre-, and intraoperative tumor margin identification and applying adjuvant treatments may improve longterm outcome, and should be investigated in future cases.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1779996</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1779996</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Case Report: Contrast-enhanced US and CT imaging features of nodule-in-nodule hepatocellular carcinoma in a dog]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Case Report</category>
        <author>Mihyun Choi</author><author>Yongsun Kim</author><author>Kyuseok Choi</author><author>Jihun Won</author><author>Namsoon Lee</author>
        <description><![CDATA[A spayed female Maltese dog weighing 3 kg found to have a hepatic nodule during a routine health examination. B-mode ultrasonography revealed a focal, round, heterogeneous mass located in the left lateral liver lobe, characterized by a target-like appearance with a hyperechoic center surrounded by a hypoechoic peripheral region. On contrast-enhanced ultrasonography, the lesion exhibited a central defect during the Kupffer phase. Multiphasic computed tomography (CT) demonstrated marked diffuse enhancement during the arterial phase, followed by heterogeneous washout in the portal phase. Delayed-phase CT images further revealed a hyperattenuating central nodule within a hypoattenuating peripheral component. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the B-mode, ultrasonographic, contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic, and multiphasic CT features of nodule-in-nodule hepatocellular carcinoma in a dog, closely resembling imaging characteristics reported in human medicine.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1813360</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1813360</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The use of a bipolar single-needle electrode for electrochemotherapy combined with gene electrotransfer of IL-12 in a mast cell tumor on the nasal planum of a dog: case report]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-29T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Case Report</category>
        <author>Ursa Lampreht Tratar</author><author>Tanja Svara</author><author>Maja Cemazar</author><author>Gregor Sersa</author><author>Natasa Tozon Mask</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Electrochemotherapy (ECT) combined with gene electrotransfer of interleukin-12 (IL-12 GET) has shown promising results in the treatment of canine mast cell tumors (MCTs). However, when tumors are located in anatomically challenging sites, there is a need for the use of a single-needle electrode to access the tumor. Therefore, this case report aimed to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of using a bipolar single-needle electrode in a dog with an MCT on the nasal planum. The 2-cm3 tumor was treated with the simultaneous intratumoral administration of cisplatin (CDDP) and a plasmid encoding canine IL-12, followed by the application of electric pulses using a bipolar single-needle electrode. In addition, the dog was treated with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. We observed a reduction in microvessel density 6 months after treatment, along with a decreased number of proliferating cells. These combined interventions resulted in long-term local tumor control for 18 months before recurrence occurred. Importantly, our results demonstrated that the bipolar single-needle electrode approach was both feasible and effective. In conclusion, using IL-12 GET with a bipolar single-needle electrode for the treatment of MCTs is a practical and effective therapeutic option, particularly for tumors located in difficult-to-treat anatomical sites.]]></description>
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