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        <title>Frontiers in Veterinary Science | Veterinary Surgery section | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science/sections/veterinary-surgery</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Veterinary Surgery section in the Frontiers in Veterinary Science journal | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
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        <pubDate>2026-05-13T15:00:53.742+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1759250</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1759250</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Case Report: Secondary ulnar overgrowth and elbow incongruity following chronic forelimb disuse in a dog]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-04T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Case Report</category>
        <author>Tae-Yoon Eom</author><author>Gyu-Sung Choi</author><author>Mu-Young Kim</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Chronic limb disuse during the active growth phase can induce complex secondary deformities, including paradoxical bone overgrowth. A 12-month-old neutered male Toy Poodle presented with non-weight-bearing right forelimb lameness resulting from a chronic shoulder malunion following failed stabilization of a medial luxation. Computed tomography revealed a complete nonunion of the shoulder joint with severe varus deformity, alongside a significant secondary ulnar overgrowth (6.08% elongation compared with the contralateral ulna) that created a functional ‘short-radius’ configuration and elbow incongruity. A combined surgical approach was employed: shoulder arthrodesis was performed utilizing patient-specific 3D-printed osteotomy and reduction guides to ensure precise alignment and fixation at a target angle of 105°, concurrent with a proximal ulnar osteotomy to restore ulnar congruity. Postoperative recovery was rapid, with functional weight-bearing observed at 1 month. At 9 months postoperatively, the dog exhibited normal limb function without lameness, and radiographs confirmed solid arthrodesis and corrected elbow alignment. These findings remained unchanged at 15 months postoperatively. This case highlights chronic disuse as a potential etiology for paradoxical ulnar overgrowth and demonstrates a successful combined surgical strategy for the management of complex, multi-joint limb deformities.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1766294</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1766294</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Case Report: Surgical excision of urethral transitional cell carcinoma by total urethrectomy combined with partial cystectomy and vesicovaginal urinary diversion in two female dogs]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-04T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Case Report</category>
        <author>Wookhun Chung</author><author>Kihoon Kim</author><author>Jaewoong Han</author><author>Byung-Joon Seung</author><author>Young-Hyun Goo</author><author>Sun-Hee Do</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), or urothelial carcinoma, is the most common malignant tumor of the canine urinary bladder or urethra, often causing urinary obstruction. While chemotherapy is generally considered as primary management, surgical treatments, including total or partial cystectomy, have occasionally been reported. This report describes two cases of canine urethral TCC managed with total urethrectomy combined with partial cystectomy and vesicovaginal urinary diversion. In both cases, the entire urethral segment and distal urinary bladder were removed while preserving the ureteral orifices. Ventral cystostomy was performed to expose the masses, and special care was taken to maintain vascular supply to the bladder. Postoperative recovery was uneventful. Although chemotherapy was recommended, it was performed in only one case. Urinary flow from the urinary bladder to vagina was successfully diverted without ureteral reimplantation. No recurrence was observed for approximately one year postoperatively in Case 1 and one and a half years in Case 2, respectively. These findings suggest that total urethrectomy combined with partial cystectomy and vesicovaginal urinary diversion is a feasible and effective surgical approach for localized urethral TCC in female dogs.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1846252</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1846252</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Correction: Caretaker-reported quality of life, functionality, and complications associated with assistive mobility cart use in companion animals]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-24T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Correction</category>
        <author>Frontiers Production Office </author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1732262</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1732262</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Case Report: Surgical management of trochlear ridge fracture associated with medial patellar luxation surgery in small-breed dogs]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-24T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Case Report</category>
        <author>Taro Kimura</author><author>Kazuki Sawano</author><author>Yuko Kadooka</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionIn this report of three clinical cases, we describe the diagnosis and surgical management of trochlear ridge fractures occurring during or after medial patellar luxation (MPL) correction in small-breed dogs.Case reportThree small-breed dogs diagnosed with grade 3 MPL sustained trochlear ridge fractures associated with MPL surgery. In one dog, an iatrogenic fracture occurred intraoperatively during block recession; in contrast, postoperative fractures developed in two dogs approximately 2 months postoperatively after block recession. At follow-up, recurrent patellar luxation was identified, but no trochlear ridge fracture was noted. Each case involved a fracture of the lateral or medial trochlear ridge with preservation of periosteal continuity. Stabilization was performed by placing screws for subfragmentary buttress support beneath the displaced bone fragment to restore ridge integrity. Implant-related complication occurred only in one case that required implant removal due to screw prominence. No dog demonstrated lameness, and resolution of patellar luxation was noted in all dogs with functional recovery maintained for a minimum of 12 months postoperatively.ConclusionScrew fixation was used to buttress the displaced trochlear ridge fragment in these cases where periosteal continuity was preserved. Fragment positioning was maintained during the follow-up period in all dogs. This report is descriptive in nature and does not aim to validate biomechanical efficacy or recommend this fixation method over existing techniques.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1709616</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1709616</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Cutaneous and subcutaneous mass lesions in camels (Camelus dromedarius): diagnostic features and treatment outcomes]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-24T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>El-Sayed El-Shafaey</author><author>Madeh Sadan</author><author>Naif Al-Gabri</author><author>Mohamed Hamed</author><author>Esam Mosbah</author><author>Gamal Karrouf</author><author>Fahad Abdullah Alshanbari</author>
        <description><![CDATA[AimCutaneous and subcutaneous masses are frequently encountered in dromedary camels. However, comprehensive clinicopathological data regarding their prevalence, classification, and clinical outcomes remain limited. This study aimed to describe the diagnostic characteristics and surgical outcomes of skin masses in a hospital-presented camel cohort.MethodBetween September 2023 and August 2024, a total of 213 dromedary camels were selected through purposive sampling based on the clinical presentation of various skin conditions across Riyadh, Al Qassim and Eastern provinces of Saudi Arabia. From this initial group, 92 cases of confirmed cutaneous or subcutaneous masses were included. Data on lesion type, anatomical location, age, sex, breed, and treatment outcome were collected and analyzed. Six types of skin masses were classified as neoplastic or non-neoplastic based on definitive histopathological biopsy features.ResultsNon-neoplastic lesions were the most frequent (60.87%), with granulomas and chronic abscesses predominating. Neoplastic lesions accounted for 39.13% of cases, primarily consisting of fibromas (23.91%) and papillomas (10.87%). The most common anatomical sites for lesion occurrence were the hindlimbs (26.09%) and the head (17.39%). A higher frequency of lesions was observed in camels aged 5–10 years (75%) and in females (64.13%). Among breeds, Wadeh camels (56.52%) were most represented. Surgical excision resulted in complete primary recovery in 83.70% (77/92) of cases. While 16.30% (15/92) experienced postoperative complications, including edema, hemorrhage, infection, or recurrence, all were successfully managed.ConclusionThis study provides clinicians with valuable insights into the clinical frequency, diagnostic characteristics, and treatment outcomes of cutaneous and subcutaneous masses in dromedary camels. These findings establish a clinical baseline for classifying such lesions, supporting improved clinical decision-making and providing a foundation for future research in camelid medicine.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1792929</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1792929</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Surgical and pathological interventions of oropharyngeal and laryngeal disorders in camels (Camelus dromedarius)]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-21T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Fahd AL-Sobayil</author><author>Madeh Sadan</author><author>Abdulrahman A. Alkheraif</author><author>Mohie Haridy</author>
        <description><![CDATA[AimThis study aimed to characterize the clinical, hematobiochemical, radiographic, ultrasonographic, laryngoscopic, gross, and histopathological features of oropharyngeal and laryngeal disorders, epulis (osteolipoma and osseous metaplasia), dulla entrapment (tonsillitis and sialadenitis), and obstructive laryngeal mass (mycotic pyogranulomatous laryngitis) and to describe the surgical procedures used for their management in dromedary camels.MethodsOropharyngeal and laryngeal lesions in four camels were evaluated through comprehensive clinical, imaging, hematobiochemical, and pathological assessments.ResultsOne camel with epulis is presented with a large mandibular mass causing partial oral obstruction, impaired mastication, and swallowing. Radiographs showed a soft tissue density mass on the right cranial mandible. Two camels are presented with dulla entrapment, dysphagia, neck stiffness, and mild respiratory distress. The camel with tonsillitis exhibited dark pinpoint mucosal lesions on the surface of the soft palate with spiny feed impaction; however, the camel with sialadenitis had multiple purulent abscesses in the dulla and submandibular swelling. The fourth camel with obstructive laryngeal mass had a marked respiratory difficulty, and the radiographs revealed a large, irregular soft-tissue mass within the laryngeal lumen. Ultrasonography showed an echogenic, variably anechoic mass, and laryngoscopy confirmed luminal mass obstruction. After surgical removal of these affections in the four camels, histopathology revealed osteolipoma and osseous metaplasia, velar suppurative tonsillitis, suppurative sialadenitis of the minor palatine salivary glands, and mycotic pyogranulomatous laryngitis, respectively.ConclusionThis study reports four oropharyngeal and laryngeal disorders in camels with obstructive clinical signs. Imaging, laryngoscopy, and histopathology enabled accurate diagnosis, and timely-applied surgery is effective for managing these conditions and rescuing the lives of affected camels.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1760217</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1760217</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Vascularized jejunal pedicle graft for duodenal reconstruction in a cat: Case Report]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-17T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Case Report</category>
        <author>A. Jones</author><author>G. Hayes</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Reconstruction of large defects of the proximal duodenum can be challenging, as sacrifice of this region requires biliary re-routing ± partial pancreatectomy, resulting in considerable morbidity. This article reports a novel method for duodenal reconstruction with long-term follow-up. The technique was performed after resection of a large enteric duplication cyst causing intestinal obstruction in a 1-year-old spayed female domestic short hair cat presented for vomiting. A 2.7 × 2.3 cm hemi-circumferential cyst involving the left duodenal wall, located adjacent and caudal to the major duodenal papilla, was identified. Following full-thickness resection with preservation of the pancreatic-duodenal artery and vein, the resulting defect was reconstructed with a vascularized jejunal pedicle graft harvested from the mid-jejunum. The donor site was closed with an end-to-end anastomosis. The pedicle graft retained complete viability, with no evidence of stricture or stenosis of the recipient region on follow-up imaging at 9 months post-operatively. This method may be considered for the effective repair of large mural defects in the duodenum.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1757258</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1757258</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Case Report: Severe wound formation following intratumoral tigilanol tiglate treatment resulting in limb amputation in a 10-year-old male dog]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-16T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Case Report</category>
        <author>Liam Kitson</author><author>Jeffrey J. Runge</author><author>Mathew Shay</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Tigilanol tiglate (TT; Stelfonta) is a novel intratumoral injection approved for the treatment of non-metastatic canine mast cell tumors (MCTs). Although the majority of reported adverse effects are localized and self-limiting, this case describes severe systemic and wound complications in a 10-year-old male Vizsla treated with a single 2 mL intratumoral injection for a subcutaneous mast cell tumor on the left lateral hock. Within 24 h, the dog developed vomiting, diarrhea, hypovolemic shock, and pancreatitis, requiring hospitalization and intensive supportive care. The cause of these systemic complications could not be definitively linked to Stelfonta, as multiple alternative diagnoses were also possible. Local tissue necrosis and wound infection subsequently progressed despite repeated surgical debridement, open wound management, and antibiotic therapy, culminating in distal limb necrosis and coxofemoral amputation 8 weeks post-injection. Histopathology confirmed proximal cicatrix formation, necrosuppurative inflammation, and fibrosis without residual neoplasia. This case highlights that while TT can be effective for local tumor control, clinicians must recognize the potential for rare but severe localized complications that may require surgical intervention.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1781687</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1781687</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Comparison of axial tibial-metatarsal alignment in dogs of varying size with and without medial patellar luxation]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-16T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Brief Research Report</category>
        <author>Alexandre Silva Gobeti</author><author>Justin J. Marrs</author><author>Ashton L. Story</author><author>Hailey Hilfiker</author><author>Derek B. Fox</author>
        <description><![CDATA[ObjectivesTo compare tibial torsion angle (TTA) and proximal tibial metatarsal angle (PTMTA) between dogs weighing < 10 kg and dogs weighing ≥ 10 kg with and without medial patellar luxation (MPL) to assess whether transverse plane tibial-metatarsal malalignment is size dependent.Study designRetrospective computed tomographic analysis.Sample populationOne hundred and one limbs from 55 client-owned dogs.MethodsComputed tomographic (CT) scans of pelvic limbs that met inclusion criteria were categorized by dog size (dogs weighing less or over 10 kg) and presence and grade of medial patellar luxation (normal, Grade 2, Grade 3 and Grade 4). A single investigator measured both TTA and PTMTA in each limb. Both TTA and PTMTA were compared between dogs of varying degrees of MPL and between dogs weighing < 10 kg and dogs weighing ≥ 10 kg.ResultsA clear association between increasing TTA and higher grades of MPL was not discerned in dogs weighing < 10 kg. However, dogs weighing < 10 kg did exhibit a trend of worsening tibial-metatarsal malalignment as patellar luxation grade increased with grade 4 MPLs having a significantly larger PTMTA than all other groups. Among dogs weighing ≥ 10 kg, those with grade 3 MPLs possessed a significantly larger TTA compared to all other groups, but dogs with grade 4 MPLs were not different from normal dogs. However, dogs weighing ≥ 10 kg did exhibit a trend of increasing PTMTA values associated with worsening grades of patellar luxation with grade 2 and 4 MPL dogs showing more tibial-metatarsal malalignment than normal dogs. There were differences between dogs weighing < 10 kg and dogs weighing ≥ 10 kg with respect to TTA measurements with dogs < 10 kg showing more tibial torsion in MPL Grades 2 and 4. However, no differences were detected in PTMTA between sizes with any grade of MPL.ConclusionTibial-metatarsal malalignment measurable through an increased PTMTA may be a more predictably associated transverse plane deformity with MPL than tibial torsion alone as measured by the TTA. Both dogs weighing less or over 10 kg appear to exhibit tibial-metatarsal malalignment with increasing severity in cases of higher grades of MPL.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1778778</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1778778</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Kinematic and biomechanical estimates of head and neck loading during the long attack in IGP protection work dogs]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-15T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Jose Manuel Vilar</author><author>Mirella Lopedote</author><author>Simona Valentini</author><author>Isabel Marrero</author><author>Giuseppe Spinella</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionThe long attack is a demanding exercise within the defence phase of IGP (Internationale Gebrauchshunde Prüfungsordnung) dog sport. The aim of this study was to describe the kinematics of the final approach and bite during the long attack and to estimate cervical mechanical loads acting on the atlanto-occipital (AO) joint using a simplified inverse dynamics approach.MethodsTen well-trained Belgian Shepherd Malinois were evaluated. Kinematic variables, including velocity, flight time, and joint angles, were obtained from high-speed video recordings and analyzed using open-source motion analysis software. Mechanical variables (force, torque, power, and kinetic energy) were subsequently estimated from the kinematic data. Descriptive statistics were applied.ResultsMean (± SD) body kinetic energy at impact was 842.06 ± 243.03 J, and estimated torque at the AO joint was 333.72 ± 100.06 N·m. The total estimated force acting on the cranio-cervical region was 1439.29 ± 446.25 N.DiscussionThese findings provide the first quantitative description of the mechanical demands imposed on the cranio-cervical region during the long attack. The estimated forces and torques at the AO joint suggest that this exercise generates substantial mechanical loading, highlighting the need for further research to explore potential long-term implications for cervical spine health in working dogs.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1783495</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1783495</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Cyclogram analysis of canine gait: quantifying inter-joint coordination and clinical utility in rehabilitation]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Kazuyuki Yoshikawa</author><author>Taisuke Iwata</author><author>Shintaro Tomura</author><author>Atsushi Fujita</author><author>Kosuke Haii</author><author>Kazuya Edamura</author><author>Akio Shimada</author><author>Tsuyoshi Kadosawa</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionCyclograms, or joint angle–angle plots, provide an intuitive representation of inter-joint coordination, yet they remain underused in canine rehabilitation. This study established sagittal-plane hindlimb cyclograms in dogs and evaluated the absolute enclosed cyclogram area (A_abs, deg²) as a reproducible and clinically interpretable index of coordination.MethodsEight clinically healthy Beagles were recorded during treadmill walking, and hip–stifle and tarsus–stifle cyclograms were generated from 10 consecutive gait cycles per dog. A_abs was calculated using a polygonization-based approach applied to the cyclogram trajectory. Within-session repeatability was assessed using ICC(1,1) and ICC(1,10), together with measurement-error indices (SEM and MDC95). Clinical feasibility was illustrated in a client-owned dog undergoing rehabilitation after unilateral femoral head and neck ostectomy (FHNO), assessed during overground walking on postoperative days (PODs) 14, 21, and 31, with 10 gait cycles analyzed per session.ResultsIn healthy Beagles, the hip–stifle cyclogram formed a broad counterclockwise loop, whereas the tarsus–stifle cyclogram exhibited a characteristic figure-of-eight pattern. Mean A_abs was 813.18 ± 114.88 deg² for hip–stifle and 619.88 ± 129.00 deg² for tarsus–stifle. Stride-level repeatability was moderate [ICC(1,1) = 0.59 and 0.67], whereas the mean of 10 cycles showed excellent repeatability [ICC(1,10) = 0.93 and 0.95], with small MDC95 values for the 10-cycle mean (81.55 and 78.23 deg²). In the FHNO dog, cyclogram loops were initially tall and narrow on POD14, reflecting stifle-dominant motion with restricted hip and tarsal excursions, and became progressively wider and smoother by POD31. Consistently, mean A_abs increased from POD14 to POD31 (hip–stifle, 112.24 to 395.09 deg²; tarsus–stifle, 185.73 to 543.78 deg²), whereas stride-to-stride variability decreased (coefficient of variation, 66.76% to 30.61% and 77.32% to 42.18%).DiscussionThese findings indicate that hindlimb cyclograms provide a compact visual summary of inter-joint coordination and that A_abs offers a reproducible quantitative descriptor in healthy dogs. In a single FHNO case, this metric also illustrated feasibility for tracking early postoperative gait changes in a clinical rehabilitation setting.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1785106</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1785106</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Increasing course speeds in canine agility: a decade of trends from American Kennel Club competition data]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Meredith McCormack-Mager</author><author>Arielle Pechette Markley</author><author>Sarah Fernandezlopez</author><author>Abigail B. Shoben</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Canine agility is a sport in which handlers direct dogs through pre-set obstacle courses. Over the past two decades, reported injuries among agility dogs have increased, with multiple factors proposed as potential contributors. Anecdotal evidence suggests that course speeds have also risen in recent years, raising concern that faster performance may be associated with greater injury risk. The objective of this study was to determine whether agility competition speeds have increased over the past decade and whether demographic shifts may explain observed changes. Publicly available qualifying run data from the American Kennel Club Masters Jumpers with Weaves class from 2012 to 2024 were analyzed. Trends in qualifying run speed, both overall and within annual cohorts defined by first observed qualifying run at this level, were examined using generalized estimating equations to account for correlation among runs from the same dog. Average qualifying run speed increased by an estimated 0.033 yards per second each year (95% CI: 0.031, 0.036) from 2012 to 2024, with similar trends observed for qualifying runs at the 5th and 95th percentiles. Descriptive cohort analyses demonstrated that average speed increased for several consecutive years within a typical competitive career before reaching a peak and subsequently declining. The average starting speed and average peak speed were higher for more recent cohorts, supporting the hypothesis that agility speeds are increasing. These findings empirically confirm increase in agility competition speeds over time and underscore the importance of future research investigating potential associations between speed and injury risk in agility dogs.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1799600</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1799600</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Evaluation of forces produced by therapeutic elastic resistance bands of various lengths and stiffnesses: a biomechanical study for clinical application]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Phillip Saint-Martin</author><author>Daniel McCarthy</author><author>Pierre-Yves Mulon</author><author>Darryl Millis</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionElastic resistance bands (ERBs) are commonly incorporated into canine and human strengthening exercises to restore muscle strength during rehabilitation; however, there is limited published quantitative data regarding force production under conditions used in veterinary medicine. The objective of this study was to quantify the tensile forces produced by ERBs of different stiffnesses and lengths at various levels of elongation to generate specific guidelines for rehabilitation prescription of canine patients. We hypothesized that greater tensile forces would be generated by using stiffer ERBs, shorter resting lengths and greater elongation lengths.MethodsSix color-coded ERBs (THERABAND®) were evaluated at 10 cm and 40 cm resting lengths, with the aid of an Instron mechanical tester. Each band was stretched to 1.25x, 1.5x, and 1.75x their original resting lengths. 10 cm ERBs were stretched to 12.5 cm, 15 cm, and 17.5 cm respectively. 40 cm ERBs were stretched to 50 cm, 60 cm, and 70 cm, respectively. Mean peak forces were compared by one-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc testing.Results and discussionForces increased linearly with elongation and ERB stiffness 26 (indicated by color of the band), with R2 values > 0.95 for each band color. 10 cm bands produced significantly higher mean forces than bands of 40 cm in length (p < 0.0001). Black bands generated the highest resistance across all elongation levels. Band stiffness, elongation, and starting length are key determinants of force generation. The quantification of these parameters enables the prescription of ERB exercises as part of a specific and repeatable rehabilitation dosing intervention in veterinary rehabilitation.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1716790</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1716790</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Case Report: Mesh repair of a urinary bladder dorsal wall defect following repeated cystorrhaphy in a warmblood foal]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-31T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Case Report</category>
        <author>Rieke S. Gehrke</author><author>Anna Ehrle</author><author>Eva M. T. Müller</author><author>Ronja-Katharina Kraul</author><author>Philip Schmitz</author><author>Christoph J. Lischer</author>
        <description><![CDATA[A three-day-old male Warmblood foal presented with inability to urinate. Primary diagnostic findings included abdominal distension, hyperkalemia, azotemia, and ultrasonographic evidence for free anechoic fluid in the abdominal cavity. Abdominocentesis confirmed the diagnosis of an uroperitoneum [peritoneal fluid to serum creatinine ratio (>2:1)]. Suture repair of a dorsal urinary bladder wall defect was performed, but leakage along the suture tracts resulted in recurrent uroperitoneum confirmed by computed tomographic urography after two days. Repeated cystorrhaphy was performed but uroperitoneum recurred four days later. The vesical tissue at the level of the tear appeared markedly inflamed and friable during the subsequent revision. The bladder wall defect was therefore reinforced with a monofilament (Monocryl-Prolene) composite mesh to prevent excessive bladder distension. The foal was discharged from the hospital three weeks after admission in good general condition. Telephone follow-up confirmed physiological development, urination and weight-gain of the animal. The horse deceased peracutely one year after discharge where urolith formation had caused urine leakage at the ventral aspect of the urinary bladder. The mesh was found to be integrated in the intact dorsal bladder wall without evidence for adhesion formation. This case report presents an alternative approach for managing the complication of urinary leakage associated with cystorrhaphy. Mesh repair should be considered early in cases where the vesical tissue is friable and primary suture repair at high risk of failure.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1788740</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1788740</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Identification of a solitary splenic mass during surgery for gastric dilatation-volvulus is associated with diagnosis of splenic neoplasia in dogs]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-16T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Micheala R. Polly</author><author>Steven W. Frederick</author><author>Katelyn E. Walraven</author>
        <description><![CDATA[ObjectiveTo describe associations between abnormalities in splenic tissue removed secondary to gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) correction and histopathologic diagnosis of splenic malignancy.MethodsDogs treated with splenectomy secondary to GDV correction at any of 83 US veterinary referral hospitals between January 1, 2013 and May 1, 2025 were retrospectively reviewed. Data related to signalment, visual, and tactile description of the spleen during surgery, and results from the splenic histopathology report were recorded. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize histopathologic diagnoses. Frequency proportions were estimated with 95% binomial confidence intervals.ResultsOne hundred thirty-eight dogs were included. The median (range) weight was 31.5 (6–99.7) kg; the median (range) age was 10.1 (1.6–15.1) years. Malignancy was diagnosed in 15 of 138 (10.9%; 95% CI: 6.2%−17.3%) dogs. The prevalence of splenic malignancy did not differ significantly across age or weight quartiles. Malignancy rates significantly differed by the number of visible lesions in the spleen. There were no (0%; 95% CI: 0.0%−7.7%) malignancies in 46 dogs without visible splenic lesions, 13 (19.1%; 95% CI: 10.6%−30.5%) malignancies in 68 dogs with solitary/single visible lesions, 2 (14.3%; 95% CI: 1.8%−42.8%) malignancies in 14 dogs with two visible lesions, and 0 (0%; 95% CI: 0.0%−30.8%) malignancies in 10 dogs with 3 or more visible splenic lesions.ConclusionThe number of lesions in spleens removed secondary to GDV correction was associated with identification of splenic malignancy.Clinical relevanceThe financial cost associated with splenic histopathology following splenectomy secondary to GDV correction may be warranted in spleens with one or two discrete masses.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1727528</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1727528</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Case Report: Successful management of bilateral ureteral obstruction following repair of iatrogenic urethral ligation and transection during a canine cryptorchidectomy]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-09T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Case Report</category>
        <author>M. Haman</author><author>A. Kenzig</author><author>M. ‘t Hoen</author><author>R. Walton</author><author>J. S. Palerme</author><author>R. Stokes</author><author>K. Chappell</author>
        <description><![CDATA[An 8-month-old male English Bulldog was presented to an academic referral center following iatrogenic urethral transection during an elective unilateral cryptorchidectomy. A contrast cystourethrogram demonstrated contrast leakage from the pre-prostatic urethra. An exploratory laparotomy confirmed ligation and transection of the pre-prostatic urethra, and a urethral anastomosis was performed. Postoperatively, the patient developed progressive azotemia, and abdominal imaging revealed bilateral hydroureter and hydronephrosis consistent with bilateral ureteral obstruction. No apparent cause of mechanical obstruction was identified during the subsequent ultrasound, cystoscopy, or laparotomy. A functional ureteral obstruction was suspected to be caused by acute, severe inflammation of the urinary bladder following the initial urethral trauma and subsequent ischemic injury, resulting in the occlusion of the ureteral papillae. Bilateral ureteral stents were surgically placed, and the azotemia resolved. Following stent placement, the dog was treated for recurrent multidrug-resistant urinary infections and urinary incontinence. The owner reported no persistent lower urinary signs during a follow-up call 46 months following the cryptorchidectomy.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1780938</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1780938</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Accuracy of novel custom 3D-printed metal and polymer cutting guides for segmental mandibulectomy in the dog: a cadaveric study]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-04T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Rachel McKay</author><author>Marine Traverson</author><author>Caroline Alting</author><author>Satyanarayana Konala</author><author>Erin Perry</author><author>Angelica Luzzi</author><author>Ken Gall</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionThe objectives of this study were to design a 3D-printed custom guide for segmental mandibulectomy in the dog and evaluate the impact of different materials (metal versus polymer) on the performances of the guided procedure in cadaveric dogs.MethodsTwenty canine cadaveric heads were randomized in two study groups and received bilateral segmental mandibulectomies performed with a metal or polymer surgical guide. Pre-operative computed tomography (CT) images of the skull were used to design custom 3D-printed surgical guides and were repeated after placement and osteotomy. Mean absolute linear deviation between planned and performed cuts, procedure duration, and qualitative assessment were compared.ResultsPolymer guides were associated with easier (p =0.020) and faster (p =0.004) placement. No incidence of failure was recorded when using metal guides, whereas 30 and 15% of polymer guides experienced cracking and fissuring, respectively (p =0.001). Dorsal displacement and gap formation between guide and mandibular body was noted in 7/20 metal guides on CT. Mean absolute linear deviation between planned and performed cuts was not significantly different between material groups (p =0.612). Polymer guides presented several advantages including efficient placement despite a high incidence of material failure. Difficulty of placement encountered with metal guides relates to the rigidity of the material. However, these limitations did not have any significant impact on surgical accuracy.DiscussionOverall, the study did not demonstrate any difference in accuracy between materials but highlighted differences in performance specific to each material. Thus, surgical guide manufacturing and material choice could be tailored to specific clinical applications, whether strength/durability or flexibility/conformability is favored.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1710429</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1710429</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Case Report: Calcium sulfate antibiotic beads and bone morphogenetic protein-2–loaded hydroxyapatite and allograft for the treatment of infected delayed union in a dog]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-04T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Case Report</category>
        <author>Hyobum Cho</author><author>Byung-Jae Kang</author><author>Junhyung Kim</author>
        <description><![CDATA[A 6-year-old male German Shepherd dog was presented with a closed, highly comminuted fracture of the left tibia caused by a fall. The fracture was stabilized using a plate-and-rod construct that was further protected with an external skeletal fixator. However, the surgery resulted in an external torsional deformity of the left tibia. Therefore, 23 weeks after the first surgery, an additional deformity-correction surgery was performed based on the tibial torsion angle measured from computed tomography scans. At 28 weeks after the first surgery, osteomyelitis at the osteotomy site in the left tibia, caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, was diagnosed based on culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and this infection was considered to hinder bone healing. At 28 weeks after the first surgery, a third surgery was performed in which calcium sulfate antibiotic beads and antibiotic-impregnated collagen sponges, together with hydroxyapatite and allografts loaded with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2, were grafted for treatment of osteomyelitis and to promote bone healing. Six weeks following the application of antibiotic beads and bone graft materials, clinical bone union was observed. Complete bone healing was confirmed using radiographic imaging, and functional recovery was verified using objective gait analysis. The implant was subsequently removed to prevent stress shielding and the associated peri-implant bone loss. In conclusion, a tissue engineering strategy combining local antibiotic delivery using calcium sulfate antibiotic beads with bone graft substitutes loaded with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 can overcome the limitations of systemic antibiotic therapy and may be a viable option for treating infected tibial delayed union.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1782274</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1782274</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Evaluation of the inter-examiner reliability of myofascial trigger point identification in dogs]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-02-27T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Bryce Talsma Roberts</author><author>Christina Montalbano</author><author>Felix Michael Duerr</author><author>Karolynn Mireya Ellis</author><author>Lindsay Hochman Elam</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionMyofascial trigger points (MTrPs) are a source of chronic pain in humans, but their diagnosis relies on subjective manual palpation. MTrP distribution has been described in dogs, but reliability between examiners remains unknown. This prospective, blinded, clinical investigation aimed to determine the inter-examiner reliability of MTrP identification in the hindlimb musculature of dogs and to describe their distribution.MethodsTwenty-four geriatric and retired sled dogs were assessed for MTrPs in four hindlimb muscle groups (gluteals, cranial thigh, hamstrings, and medial thigh) by two veterinarians in random order. MTrP identification was based on previous methodology defining an MTrP as a distinct, hyperactive point or nodule eliciting a pain response, known as a jump sign. Examiners were blinded to each other's findings by marking MTrPs with invisible UV ink pens. Agreement on MTrP presence or absence in a muscle group, distance between examiners' points, and the number of MTrPs per muscle group were recorded. Inter-examiner reliability was assessed using Cohen's kappa.ResultsIn total, 380 MTrPs were identified by the two examiners across the 188 muscle groups assessed. Examiners demonstrated 81.4% agreement on MTrP presence or absence in a muscle group with a Cohen's kappa of 0.608 (95% CI: 0.491–0.724), indicating moderate to substantial inter-examiner reliability. However, the mean distance between examiners' markings for individual MTrPs was 10.6 ± 5.1 mm, suggesting a potential substantial lack of precision. The cranial thigh group contained the most MTrPs. Additionally, the more experienced examiner identified a greater number of MTrPs overall (p = 0.028).DiscussionThis study provides the first assessment of inter-examiner reliability for MTrP identification in dogs. While examiners agreed on the general presence or absence of myofascial sensitivity within a muscle group, precise localization was unreliable. This lack of precision may be influenced by a number of factors, namely skin movement and the subjective nature of the assessment itself. This study highlights the need for further research and objective diagnostic tools for reliable, targeted MTrP identification.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1723402</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1723402</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Tolerance and surface analysis of veterinary bone screws]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-02-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>William T. McCartney</author><author>Ciprian Ober</author><author>Bryan J. Mac Donald</author><author>Christos Yiapanis</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionWhile dimensional accuracy and surface characteristics of human orthopedic implants are extensively regulated and studied, comparable evaluations of veterinary orthopedic implants are limited. This study aimed to assess the dimensional conformity and surface finish of commercially available veterinary cortical bone screws relative to established engineering standards.MethodsSeventy-three commercially available 2.0 mm veterinary cortical bone screws from five anonymized manufacturers were analyzed using high-magnification optical microscopy. Dimensional parameters assessed included screw length, major diameter, minor diameter, thread pitch, and combined thread angle (α + β). Measurements were calibrated using a certified micrometer scale. Dimensional conformity was evaluated using a unilateral tolerance framework based on ISO 5835 low-quality limits. Surface finish was assessed using a semi-quantitative grading system under standardized magnification.ResultsMost screws exhibited dimensional deviations outside the defined tolerance limits. Eighty percent of screws were outside tolerance for length, 78% for major diameter, 77% for minor diameter, 98.6% for pitch, and 60% for combined thread angle. Surface finish was classified as unacceptable in 40% of screws. Tolerance deviations were observed across all manufacturers, with no single manufacturer accounting for the majority of non-conforming screws.DiscussionThe findings demonstrate substantial dimensional variability and surface defects in commercially available veterinary cortical bone screws. These deviations may adversely affect screw biomechanics and the bone–implant interface, indicating suboptimal manufacturing quality. The absence of regulatory oversight for veterinary implants highlights the need for improved quality control standards to ensure consistent and reliable implant performance.]]></description>
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