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        <title>Frontiers in Virology | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/virology</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Frontiers in Virology | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
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        <pubDate>2026-08-14T21:49:53.06+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
        <item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1907549</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1907549</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Immuno-pathological studies of lumpy skin disease outbreaks in cattle]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Gunasekaran Vigneshwar</author><author>Lakkawar Warundeo Avinash</author><author>Ansar Aaqib Javed</author><author>Tadakod Sunil</author><author>Mathiazhagan Abhinaya</author><author>Hirak Kumar Mukhopadhyay</author><author>Kaliaperumal Rajalakshmi</author><author>Subbarayan Poobitha</author><author>Sambath Uma</author><author>Raja Kumar</author><author>Nair Madhavan Gopalakrishnan</author><author>Bijalwan Sharddha</author><author>Uma Ramesh Chandana</author><author>Gundallahalli Bayyappa Manjunatha Reddy</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionLumpy skin disease (LSD) is a transboundary viral disease of cattle caused by the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), leading to significant economic losses in livestock.MaterialsThe present study investigated the clinical, hematological, and pathological alterations and expression of cytokine genes in cattle naturally affected by LSD. A total of 21 clinically affected individuals were examined and classified into early, mid, and late stages. The study focused on key diagnosis of LSD by clinical findings, hematology, indirect ELISA, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, PCR, and the relative expression of cytokine genes associated with both proinflammatory (IL-2, IFN-g, and GM-CSF) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4, and IL-10) responses using real-time PCR.ResultsAffected animals exhibited stage-dependent clinical signs. Hematological analysis revealed a significant increase in total leukocyte count (TLC) and absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) in late-stage LSD cases, reflecting an active inflammatory response. PCR detected LSDV DNA in 52.4% of nasal swabs and 57.1% of skin biopsy samples. The cytokine gene expression analysis showed a downregulation of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IFN-g, and GM-CSF in both peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and skin tissue samples from LSD-affected cattle, suggesting an impaired immune response.DiscussionThis reduced expression likely contributes to the persistence of LSDV in affected cattle, leading to prolonged inflammation and increased susceptibility to secondary infections. In contrast, healthy cattle exhibited a stronger Th1 cell response, indicating better immune regulation and disease resilience. The findings highlight the role of immune dysregulation in the progression of LSD and suggest that cytokine modulation by LSDV is a key mechanism for immune evasion.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1897263</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1897263</link>
        <title><![CDATA[An eco-evolutionary perspective on endemic persistence and invasive emergence of begomoviruses in Mexico]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Perspective</category>
        <author>Katia Aviña-Padilla</author><author>Flor C. Alcántar-Aguirre</author><author>Erika J. Zamora-Macorra</author><author>Ubilfrido Vasquez-Gutierrez</author><author>Jimena Carrillo-Tripp</author><author>Alfredo Diaz-Lara</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Here we present a conceptual eco-evolutionary perspective on begomovirus emergence, motivated by the observation that these globally important plant DNA viruses of tropical and subtropical agriculture are frequently interpreted through isolated, pathogen-centered case studies. We propose a broader framework in which begomoviruses in agroecosystems operate under two contrasting but interconnected regimes: i) endemic persistence, and ii) invasive emergence. Endemic regimes are characterized by ecological continuity, recurrent mixed infections, local recombination, and long-term circulation within regional host–vector networks. Invasive regimes are characterized by biological introduction, rapid spatial expansion, strong anthropogenic selection, and post-introduction adaptation. Using Mexican begomovirus systems as a conceptual model, we contrast pepper huasteco yellow vein virus (PHYVV, Begomovirus capsicumhuastecoense) and pepper golden mosaic virus (PepGMV, B. capsicummusivi), which illustrate endemic persistence in pepper-associated agroecosystems, with tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV, B. coheni), which exemplifies invasive emergence in intensive tomato production systems. Both regimes share mechanisms such as whitefly (Bemisia tabaci)-mediated transmission, mixed infection, and recombination, but they differ in evolutionary tempo, spatial scale, and ecological context. Recognizing endemic and invasive regimes as part of a continuum may improve surveillance, risk assessment, and anticipatory management of begomovirus diseases.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1897615</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1897615</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Development, applications, and future prospects of RNA virus reverse genetics technology]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Yu Guo</author><author>Ting Xue</author><author>Jianhua Wang</author><author>Xueqiao Xie</author><author>Furui Cao</author><author>Yijun Zhang</author><author>Huiting Wang</author><author>Bingqing Lu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Viral reverse genetics enables the rescue of infectious virions from cloned cDNA and serves as a core technique for mapping viral genotype–phenotype relationships, dissecting RNA viral life cycles, and developing antiviral countermeasures. This review systematically summarizes the evolution, technical framework and optimization strategies of RNA virus reverse genetics, with three prototype viruses covering all major RNA genome types: SARS-CoV-2 (+ssRNA), non-segmented negative-sense Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and segmented negative-sense influenza A virus. Core modules including infectious clone construction, diverse promoter systems, hammerhead/HDV ribozymes, and solutions for large unstable genomes such as BAC and ISA are elaborated. We summarize its irreplaceable applications in vaccine development, pathogenesis research, virus-host interaction analysis and high-throughput antiviral screening. Current bottlenecks include low rescue efficiency, cDNA genetic instability and biosafety hazards. We also introduce non-infectious surrogate platforms and establish a three-tier antiviral screening pipeline. Future advances will integrate CRISPR/Cas editing, standardized modular tools, biosafety engineering, AI and big data. Distinct from previous reviews focusing on single viral genera, this work conducts cross-type horizontal comparisons and summarizes universal technical obstacles and tailored optimizations, offering comprehensive references for basic virology, accelerated vaccine innovation and precise antiviral design.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1853552</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1853552</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Beyond one drug–one target: AI-guided discovery of multi-target antiviral therapeutics]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Vrinda Gupta</author><author>Sahil Sharma</author><author>Vikrant Abbot</author><author>Rohit Bhatia</author><author>Neeraj Choudhary</author><author>Dinesh Kumar</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Viral infections remain a major health problem in the world because they have high mutation rates, are highly adaptable and they develop resistance to traditional antiviral drugs. The conventional one drug, one target approach, though useful in some situations is getting more and more constrained by the development of resistant viral strains and partial blocking of intricate viral life cycles. Multi-target antiviral agents (MTAs) have been identified in this respect as a promising therapeutic option with the ability to simultaneously regulate a variety of viral and host-related pathways. This review thoroughly examines the theoretical framework, rationalization, and therapeutic benefits of the MTAs and their potential to improve antiviral effects, expand spectrum, and inhibit the development of resistance. Moreover, the current review article highlights how artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) can be used to speed up multi-target drug discovery in a transformative way. The high-performance computational methods, such as structure-based and ligand-based design, molecular docking, pharmacophore modeling, network pharmacology and generative AI, allow candidates to be found and optimized rapidly to multi-targets. Medicinal chemistry approaches, including hybrid pharmacophore design, molecular conjugation, and host-targeted, and the role of natural product-derived scaffolds in the development of multi-target antiviral agents are also discussed in the review. The major case studies of HIV, hepatitis C virus, SARS-CoV-2, and influenza are discussed as an example of translational relevance. Lastly, the critical issues under the pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and clinical development are discussed, and the future outlook is on AI-based precision antiviral therapeutics. Taken together, this review article highlights the paradigm shift to AI-driven multi-target discoveries of next-generation antiviral drugs.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1871673</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1871673</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Multiple bovine papillomavirus types in squamous papillomas of the upper gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows from southern Brazil]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-23T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Bruna Fonseca Matias</author><author>Michele Lunardi</author><author>Gabriela Donini Cesário</author><author>Ana Paula Frederico Rodrigues Loureiro Bracarense</author><author>Alice Fernandes Alfieri</author><author>Amauri Alcindo Alfieri</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Papillomavirus is an oncogenic virus that infects the cutaneous and mucosal epithelia of several host species. This study investigated the diversity of bovine papillomavirus (BPV) types in hyperplastic lesions of the esophageal mucosa in dairy cows from Paraná State, southern Brazil. A total of 23 hyperproliferative lesions were collected from the esophagus of 16 dairy cows and histologically classified as squamous papillomas. Consensual primer pairs FAP59/FAP64, MY11/MY09, and E1F2/E1R4 were used to partially amplify the L1 and E1 genes of BPVs. Amplicons were sequenced using the Sanger method. BPV DNA was detected in 21.7% (5/23) of the esophageal lesions. Sequence analysis identified BPV types 1 and 4, previously associated with such lesions, in two lesions. BPV types 9 and 40 were detected for the first time in mucosal lesions of the upper gastrointestinal tract (UGT) in two additional samples. Furthermore, one lesion contained DNA from a putative novel BPV type phylogenetically related to BPV12. Overall, five distinct BPV types were molecularly detected across five lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to cutaneous papillomatosis, multiple BPV types may be associated with papillomas in the esophageal mucosa of dairy cows, particularly those raised on bracken fern–contaminated pastures. The study highlights the importance of utilizing multiple consensual primer sets targeting conserved regions of the L1 and E1 genes to more accurately characterize BPV diversity in mucosal lesions, as novel and previously unreported viral types may be present.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1897871</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1897871</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Antiviral potential of anthocyanins against SARS-CoV-2: current evidence, translational challenges, and future perspectives]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-22T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>Peter Lu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Anthocyanins are naturally occurring flavonoids widely distributed in fruits, vegetables, and cereal grains that possess diverse biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties. Since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, increasing attention has been directed toward their potential to inhibit Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This review summarizes current evidence regarding the antiviral activity of anthocyanins against SARS-CoV-2, with particular emphasis on their proposed molecular mechanisms and available experimental validation. Current studies indicate that anthocyanins may interfere with multiple stages of the viral life cycle through inhibition of the main protease (Mpro), disruption of the spike–ACE2 interaction, and potential targeting of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and helicase. In addition, anthocyanins may attenuate SARS-CoV-2-associated inflammation through modulation of host inflammatory pathways. While computational studies consistently support these proposed mechanisms, experimental evidence remains limited and is largely restricted to in vitro enzymatic and cell-based investigations. This review also discusses the low stability and bioavailability as a major translational challenge of anthocyanins and highlights current strategies, including structural modification and encapsulation, to improve their stability and therapeutic potential. Overall, anthocyanins represent promising natural compounds for further antiviral investigation; however, additional mechanistic studies, in vivo validation, and optimization of bioavailability are required before their clinical potential against COVID-19 can be established.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1857484</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1857484</link>
        <title><![CDATA[In silico identification of organosulfur compounds from Allium ascalonicum L. as potential inhibitors of influenza A (H5N1): integrated DFT, docking, and molecular dynamics analysis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-14T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Rangga Adhi Prastika</author><author>Alifaghi Pahlevi Ervianto Putra</author><author>Muhammad Alesha Fadhana</author><author>Volta Kellik Setiawan</author><author>Moh. Royhan Afnani</author><author>Sukma Sahadewa</author><author>Fara Disa Durry</author><author>Aswin Rafif Khairullah</author><author>I Made Dwi Mertha Adnyana</author><author>Abhishek Singh</author><author>Maksim Rebezov</author><author>Abdugani Abdurasulov</author><author>Vikash Jakhmola</author><author>Nitin Sharma</author><author>Nadezhda V. Kupaeva</author><author>Imam Siswanto</author><author>Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori</author><author>Arli Aditya Parikesit</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionInfluenza A (H5N1) remains a major public health concern due to its high pathogenicity and ongoing viral evolution, underscoring the need for novel antiviral candidates.MethodsIn this study, we performed an integrated in silico evaluation of organosulfur compounds derived from Allium ascalonicum L. (shallot) cultivated in the Tolaki-Mekongga region, Sulawesi, Indonesia, targeting key viral proteins including polymerase (PB2), nucleoprotein (NP), and neuraminidase (NA). ResultsDensity functional theory (DFT) analyses were conducted to characterize the electronic properties of the compounds, while PASS prediction indicated moderate potential antiviral activity for Propanethiol and Dipropyl disulfide. Pharmacokinetic profiling suggested acceptable ADMET properties for several candidates. Molecular docking revealed favorable binding conformations across all targets, with γ-glutamyl-S-propenylcysteine exhibiting the most favorable binding energies among the evaluated organosulfur compounds (PB2: -4.9 kcal/mol; NP: -5.8 kcal/mol; NA: -5.2 kcal/mol). These values were comparable to those of oseltamivir and favipiravir for NP and NA, although weaker binding was observed against PB2. Subsequent simulations of molecular dynamics demonstrated stable protein–ligand complexes over 100 ns, further supporting the predicted binding interactions. Consistently, MM-GBSA calculations indicated favorable binding free energies, particularly for γ-glutamyl-S-propenylcysteine (PB2: -30.52 ± 0.29 kcal/mol; NP: -22.76 ± 0.12 kcal/mol; NA: -26.13 ± 0.35 kcal/mol). ConclusionOverall, these findings suggest that shallot-derived organosulfur compounds, especially γ-glutamyl-S-propenylcysteine, exhibit potential for interaction with H5N1 viral targets and may warrant further investigation as antiviral candidates. Experimental validation through in vitro and in vivo studies is required to confirm their biological activity and therapeutic potential.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1867243</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1867243</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Analytical performance evaluation of the EDELVITAL neutralizing antibody test in COVID-19-vaccinated staff of the University Dental Clinic Vienna]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Alexandra Wolf</author><author>Florian Heger</author><author>Abdallah Helal</author><author>Andreas Moritz</author><author>Apostolos Georgopoulos</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundThe assessment of immune responses plays a central role in evaluating the degree of protection after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. The Abbott Alinity-I SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant Assay is widely used as a laboratory-based reference method for the quantitative assessment of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. In 2021, numerous rapid point-of-care antibody assays entered the market; however, their analytical performance and comparability with established automated platforms have not been comprehensively evaluated. The EDELVITAL fluorescence immunochromatographic assay is a fluorescence-based rapid test designed to assess neutralizing antibodies at the point of care. Early data demonstrated substantially increased infection risks among frontline healthcare personnel compared with the general population. In this context, reliable information on post-vaccination humoral immunity was of particular occupational and public health relevance. Given the limited independent validation data available for rapid assays, at this time, it was uncertain whether they reliably detected an adequate post-vaccination antibody response in comparison to gold standard methods. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the performance of a rapid point-of-care neutralizing antibody assay in vaccinated healthcare workers and to assess its concordance with the established Abbott Alinity I IgG assay. Because the two assays measure different aspects of the humoral immune response, the study also explored the potential complementary value of rapid neutralizing antibody testing in occupational health settings.MethodsA total of 334 serum samples from 291 COVID-19-vaccinated individuals were analyzed. IgG antibodies were quantified using the automated Abbott Alinity I CMIA, while neutralizing antibodies were measured using the EDELVITAL fluorescence immunochromatography test, calibrated to the WHO International Standard NIBSC 20/136 and SOP. Correlation and diagnostic analyses were performed.ResultsThe two assays showed a high level of agreement (95.5% of the EDELVITAL neutralizing assay results agreed with those from the Abbott Alinity I system) when it came to detecting positive results. The rapid point-of-care device presented reproducible neutralizing antibody results (positive/negative) within 15–20 min, aligning closely with the laboratory-based Abbott measurements.ConclusionsThe EDELVITAL fluorescence immunochromatographic assay showed analytical comparability with the Abbott Alinity I SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant Assay and may represent a practical complementary tool for antibody monitoring in healthcare workers. The rapid availability of its results can facilitate timely decisions regarding booster vaccination and occupational health management.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1832666</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1832666</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Case Report: Canine papillomavirus type 8 and 9 co-infection in pigmented viral plaques concurrent with squamous cell carcinoma in a Chinese crested dog]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Case Report</category>
        <author>Letícia Talita Baretta</author><author>Andressa Saueressig</author><author>Eduarda de L. Pereira</author><author>Vyctoria M. A. G. Pereira</author><author>Marthyna Schuch</author><author>Micheli Filippi</author><author>Alexandre Sita</author><author>Juliana G. Schons</author><author>Meriane Demoliner</author><author>Laura Junqueira de Camargo</author><author>Renata F. Budaszewski</author><author>Matheus N. Weber</author><author>Paula R. de Almeida</author><author>Cíntia Daudt</author><author>Flávio C. da Silva</author><author>Keylla H. S. Santos</author><author>Cláudio W. Canal</author><author>Fernando R. Spilki</author><author>Luciano Trevizan</author><author>Mariana S. da Silva</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Canine papillomaviruses (CPVs), members of the Papillomaviridae family, are associated with a spectrum of lesions ranging from oral and cutaneous papillomatosis to pigmented plaques and squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Although pigmented plaques in dogs typically remain localized, some cases exhibit widespread dissemination and, in rare instances, progress to malignancy. To date, documented papillomavirus (PV) co-infections in dogs have been limited to interactions between CPV1 and CPV2 from the Lambdavirus and Taupapillomavirus genera. In the present study, we describe a 10-year-old intact male Chinese Crested dog presenting with extensive pigmented plaques and a concurrent SCC. Biopsies were submitted for routine histopathological and molecular analysis. Using rolling-circle amplification (RCA) combined with high-throughput sequencing (HTS), an atypical co-infection involving Chipapillomavirus members CPV8 and CPV9 was identified in pigmented plaques. Subsequent histopathological and phylogenetic analyses of the SCC revealed the presence of CPV8, compatible with a possible association between viral plaques and neoplastic progression. Importantly, both CPV8 and CPV9 encode the oncogenes E6 and E7, which are known to disrupt critical cellular regulatory pathways. Thus, this first report of a CPV8/CPV9 co-infection in a dog with disseminated viral plaques—where both viruses encode E6 and E7 genes, which in papillomaviruses are associated with cellular transformation —offers a plausible biological context for the observed aggressive neoplasia and raises the hypothesis that co-infections within the Chipapillomavirus genus could be associated with SCC development in some canine patients.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1833390</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1833390</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Breadth of neutralization induced by vYF next generation yellow fever vaccine]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Yves Girerd-Chambaz</author><author>Elisabeth Marion</author><author>Joseline Ruiz</author><author>Nathalie Mantel</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundA novel live-attenuated yellow fever (YF) vaccine candidate, vYF, is currently in development. Previous studies in non-human primates (NHPs) have evaluated its safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy. To further characterize the immune response, this study assessed the breadth and magnitude of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) induced by vYF.MethodsImmunogenicity was evaluated in NHPs across multiple parameters, including NAb titers against the vaccinal virus strain from 14 to 258 days post-vaccination. The breadth of neutralization was assessed using a panel of four YF virus strains selected to represent diverse phylogeny, isolation dates, and geographic origins. Titers from vYF-vaccinated NHPs were compared with those from YF-VAX–vaccinated NHPs. Two additional control strains, Stamaril® (current vaccine) and the wild-type parent strain Asibi, were included. Amino acid (AA) sequences of viral envelope residues associated with known neutralizing epitopes were analyzed to explore potential correlates with neutralization profiles.ResultsNAb titers from vYF-vaccinated NHPs were comparable to those obtained with the Asibi strain for two of the four wild-type strains, and 0.3 to 0.5 Log lower for the remaining two. All wild-type strains were neutralized with titers at least 3-fold higher than the established correlate of protection, indicating a broad neutralization profile. Neutralization patterns were similar between vYF- and YF-VAX–vaccinated NHP sera.ConclusionThis study adds to the evidence that the vYF may elicit the same breadth of neutralizing antibody responses in NHPs, than YF-VAX reference vaccine.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1869218</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1869218</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Genetic diversity and characterization of cucumber mosaic virus infecting chilli in Zone II and Zone IIIB of Bihar, India]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Mahesh Kumar</author><author>Abhishek Kumar</author><author>Md. Shamim</author><author>Kahkashan Arzoo</author><author>Deepti Srivastava</author>
        <description><![CDATA[ObjectiveChilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is an economically important spice and vegetable crop widely cultivated in Bihar; however, its productivity is severely affected by viral diseases, particularly cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). The present study was undertaken to investigate the occurrence, molecular characterization, and genetic diversity of CMV infecting chilli in Zone II and Zone IIIB of Bihar. Extensive field surveys conducted during 2019–2020 in major chilli-growing districts, including Kishanganj, Purnia, and Bhagalpur, revealed characteristic symptoms such as mosaic, mottling, chlorosis, leaf deformation, vein clearing, shoestring leaves, and stunted growth. A total of 355 symptomatic samples were collected and screened through Direct Antigen Coating Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (DAC-ELISA), among which 115 samples tested positive for CMV infection.MethodsRepresentative isolates from different locations were biologically maintained through mechanical sap inoculation on indicator hosts. Total RNA extracted from infected plants was subjected to reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using coat protein (CP) gene-specific primers, which amplified the expected 657 bp fragment from six selected isolates, namely Sabour, Kahalgoan, Purnia, Kasba, Belwa, and Kharkhari. The amplified products were cloned, sequenced, and submitted to GenBank. Comparative nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence analyses revealed a high degree of sequence conservation among the Bihar isolates, with only minor nucleotide polymorphisms and limited amino acid substitutions.ResultsPhylogenetic analysis based on CP gene sequences grouped all six Bihar isolates within CMV subgroup IA, indicating close genetic relatedness with previously reported Indian CMV isolates. The Sabour and Kahalgoan isolates formed a closely related cluster, whereas the remaining isolates also grouped within the same lineage with minimal genetic divergence. The observed sequence conservation suggests that CMV populations infecting chilli in Bihar are genetically stable and may have originated from a common ancestral source followed by regional dissemination.ConclusionThe present study provides a comprehensive molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of CMV infecting chilli in Zone II and Zone IIIB of Bihar. The findings highlight the importance of continuous surveillance, molecular diagnostics, and the development of resistant cultivars for effective management of CMV-associated diseases and sustainable chilli production.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1878325</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1878325</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Global burden, economic impact, and management strategies for re-emerging dengue virus infections: a systematic review]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Pranjal Vats</author><author> Shilpa</author><author>Apoorva Gupta</author><author>Brijesh Rathi</author><author>Mansi Verma</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundDengue is a rapidly expanding mosquito-borne viral disease that imposes substantial health and economic burdens across endemic regions. Although numerous studies have evaluated the cost of dengue illness and prevention strategies, a comprehensive synthesis integrating economic evidence with longitudinal burden trends remains limited.MethodsA systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Searches of Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science identified 803 records after the application of database-specific filters, of which 93 studies met the inclusion criteria. Extracted data included direct medical costs, indirect costs, total economic burden, and cost-effectiveness estimates for dengue vaccination and vector-control interventions. To complement the review, country-level disability-adjusted life year (DALY), incidence rates, and death-rate estimates for 15 dengue-endemic countries from 1990 to 2023 were obtained from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation Global Burden of Disease database and analysed using fixed-effects panel regression with robust standard errors.ResultsHospitalisation was the principal driver of direct medical costs, with expenditures increasing two- to five-fold in severe dengue cases. Indirect costs, including productivity losses and caregiver time, accounted for 30%–60% of total costs in several studies. National annual economic burden estimates exceeded US$1 billion in highly endemic countries such as India and Brazil, while prior global estimates suggest a worldwide annual burden of approximately US$8.9 billion. Economic evaluations consistently indicated that vaccination and integrated vector-control strategies are cost-effective, particularly in high-transmission settings. In the panel analysis, DALY trajectories exhibited marked heterogeneity across countries, with major surges during epidemic years. Death rate and incidence rates were strongly associated with DALYs.ConclusionDengue imposes a substantial and persistent economic and health burden, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Integrating economic evidence with longitudinal burden analysis demonstrates that investments in vaccination, surveillance, and integrated vector management are essential to reduce both health losses and financial hardship in endemic settings.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1869978</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1869978</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Host resistance and susceptibility to tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus: molecular mechanisms, genetic resources, and strategies for durable control]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Sakshi Phogat</author><author>Gyanika Shukla</author><author>Amardeep Singh</author><author>Pankhuri Singhal</author><author>Jitender Singh</author><author>Virendra Kumar Baranwal</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) is a highly adaptable begomovirus with an expansive and ever-increasing host range. Since its first report in the Indian subcontinent, the virus has rapidly spread across Asia, the Mediterranean Basin, North Africa, and other areas, largely due to efficient transmission by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. The virus causes severe economic losses in tomato and cucurbit crops, with reported yield reductions ranging from 80% to 100% depending on crop stage, host genotype, and epidemic severity. ToLCNDV has a bipartite circular single-stranded DNA genome that encodes proteins involved in replication, movement, pathogenicity, and suppression of host defense responses. Rapid host range expansion, emergence of new strains, and breakdown of resistance have been facilitated by its high mutation rate, frequent recombination, genome reassortment, and interactions with associated DNA satellites. This review summarizes the current knowledge on taxonomy, genome organization, epidemiology, transmission biology, host range, and molecular interactions of ToLCNDV with host plants and vectors. Particular attention is given to natural sources of resistance in tomato and cucurbits, the genetic basis of resistance loci, host susceptibility factors, and viral counter-defense strategies. This review also discusses recent advances in genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, gene editing, and molecular breeding as promising tools for durable disease management. Although progress has been made in resistance gene discovery and host–virus interaction studies, sustainable management remains challenging due to the rapid evolution of viruses and the adaptability of vectors. The future management of ToLCNDV will be based on a combination of resistant cultivars, clean plant material, correct diagnosis, whitefly control, real-time surveillance, and omics-guided breeding strategies. A systems-level understanding of the host–virus–vector relationship will be essential for developing resilient crop production systems under changing climatic and agricultural conditions.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1837217</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1837217</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Mass-standardised antibody concentration and affinity immunity endotypes to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 variants in a high-exposure cohort]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-26T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Philip H. James-Pemberton</author><author>Shivali Kohli</author><author>Aaron C. Westlake</author><author>Alex Antill</author><author>Rouslan V. Olkhov</author><author>Andrew M. Shaw</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionSchool staff members are uniquely exposed to asymptomatic infections in children when in enclosed, poorly ventilated environments. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 amongst school children in the Omicron wave was high, leading to a constant, high exposure of teachers to the virus.MethodsA cohort of staff members (n = 28) was recruited from a UK primary school setting. The prevalent variants in the preceding six months were Omicron BA.1, BA.4/5 and BA.2: 61% of the cohort reported a lateral-flow-confirmed positive test for SARS-CoV-2 infection in late 2021 or 2022. A mass-standardised quantitative antibody spectrum was measured for both antibody concentration and a new measure of antibody quality; the proportion of antibodies still bound to the epitope at pH 3.2 compared with pH 7.4. The antibody spectrum was measured for IgG to the spike protein for variants Wuhan, Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Omicron BA.1, BA.2.75, BA.2.12.1, BA.4 and BA.5.ResultsThe new antibody quality measure shows a median of 39% with (IQR 24%  - 52%). The cohort showed a Universal positive immunity endotype, U(+), with antibodies binding to the spike protein across the variant spectrum having an incidence of 78% (95% CI 60% - 88%) with good antibody concentrations to all ten variants; the U(+) incidence drops to 39% (95% CI 22% - 59%) when the affinity spectrum is measured.DiscussionThe teachers' cohort shows a significant antibody maturation towards the variants prevalent wave variants with good quality antibodies to Wuhan, Delta and the Omicron variants but not the bet and gamma variants. Teachers and, consequently, parents are a critical perimeter of the pandemic and a high priority for vaccination along with healthcare workers.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1867727</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1867727</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The evolution of influenza hemagglutinin: structural numbering and receptor binding sites of influenza viruses capable of infecting humans]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-23T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Michael A. Carlock</author><author>Ted M. Ross</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Influenza virus antigenic drift and shift have shaped seasonal epidemics and pandemics. Amino acid changes in the surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) are primarily responsible for these antigenic changes, with neutralizing antibodies focusing on the HA molecule. This review examines the structure, function, and antigenic evolution of influenza virus HA, along with the organization of antigenic sites across multiple influenza A subtypes (H1, H2, H3, H5, H7) and influenza B lineages. The structural features governing the specificity for the HA receptor-binding domain (RBD) and the key amino acid substitutions that drive host adaptation and transmissibility are described, as are the mutations and glycosylation changes within these HA regions that facilitate immune escape. HA sequence alignments highlight a functional balance between the HA1 and HA2 regions. The HA2 stem is structurally constrained and highly conserved, preserving the core mechanisms required for viral entry. In contrast, the HA1 globular head is evolutionarily flexible, allowing the virus to escape host antibodies and maintain survival and transmissibility. An evaluation of the changes in vaccine strain selections for H1N1, H3N2, and influenza B viruses further illustrate the ongoing challenge of matching vaccines to rapidly evolving strains. Collectively, this review underscores the importance of integrating structural, genetic, and antigenic data to improve influenza surveillance, vaccine design, and pandemic preparedness.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1873471</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1873471</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Artificial miRNA-based silencing of begomovirus gene confers resistance to cotton leaf curl disease in cotton]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-16T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Masnad Khan</author><author>Divya Sharma</author><author>Mirza Sarwar Baig</author><author>Shweta Kuba</author><author>Jawaid A. Khan</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundCotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD), caused by a complex of begomoviruses and their associated betasatellites, severely reduces cotton productivity. Conventional breeding approaches have shown limited success due to the rapid evolution of viral populations and the involvement of the long duration breeding cycles. To address this challenge, the present study explores an artificial microRNA (amiRNA)-based strategy to confer durable resistance against CLCuD in Gossypium hirsutum cv. HS6.MethodsA computationally predicted endogenous miR2949a was engineered to generate the artificial miRNA (amiR2949a), which was designed and computationally validated in silico to simultaneously target key genes (C1, C3, C4, V1, and V2) of Cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMuV, a begomovirus), as well as the βC1 gene of the betasatellites collectively associated with CLCuD. The engineered pre-amiR2949a construct was transformed into cotton via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Putative transgenic plants were subsequently inoculated with viruliferous whiteflies, and resistance was assessed through molecular approaches and phenotypic evaluation.ResultsThe transgenic lines exhibited strong resistance to CLCuD showing 71-81% disease suppression, and a complete absence of disease symptoms and virus accumulation up to 60 days post-inoculation (dpi). Quantitative expression analysis of CLCuMuV, although limited to the C1 gene, revealed a significant reduction (69%-90%) in its transcript levels. This reduction was accompanied by an inverse correlation between amiR2949a accumulation and C1 expression, indicating efficient amiRNA-mediated silencing of viral gene.ConclusionThese findings demonstrate that targeted suppression of the viral C1 gene effectively restricts CLCuMuV accumulation and symptom development in cotton. Furthermore, the study establishes amiRNA-mediated RNA silencing as a robust and scalable strategy for engineering resistance against the cotton-infecting begomovirus complex, with potential applicability to other economically important crops.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1807017</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1807017</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Persistent low-level HIV viremia: a narrative review of diagnostic predicaments, virological pathomechanisms, and clinical outcomes]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-05T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>Shanmugam Saravanan</author><author>Ramachandran Vignesh</author><author>Madhavan Vidya</author><author>Sathasivam Sivamalar</author><author>Pachamuthu Balakrishnan</author><author>Esaki M Shankar</author><author>Marie Larsson</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Despite major strides made with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), people living with HIV (PLHIV) continue to face higher mortality rates compared to the general population. A significant part of this gap stems from non-communicable diseases arising from chronic immune activation. While the primary goal of treatment is to suppress the virus to undetectable levels, typically below <20 to <75 copies/mL depending on the assay used, many patients still show low-level viremia (LLV), where HIV RNA persists below the threshold for virologic failure (<1,000 copies/mL). LLV is important in clinical care, yet its definition varies widely across guidelines, and its real-world impact largely depends on the magnitude and persistence of viremia. Studies show that viral blips and persistent low-level viremia (pLLV) should be distinguished. Transient blips are generally not associated with adverse outcomes, whereas pLLV, particularly at levels >200 copies/mL, has been linked to increased risks of virologic failure and drug resistance across different cohorts. However, the findings are heterogeneous, particularly among those with LLV ranging from 50 to 199 copies/mL. Recent evidence suggests that much of the persistent viremia during suppressive ART results from clonally expanded infected CD4+ T cells rather than from ongoing, complete cycles of viral replication. Current guidelines do not recommend routine ART modification for LLV <200 copies/mL; instead, they prioritize adherence assessment, repeat viral load monitoring, and resistance testing when feasible. There is limited evidence supporting regimen modification, which remains restricted to patients with persistent viremia >200 copies/mL, particularly when resistance mutations are detected. This review critically synthesizes current evidence on the definitions, epidemiology, clinical impact, mechanisms, diagnostic approaches and practical management of LLV with a focus on differences in data, challenges, and outcomes between low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and high-income countries (HICs). It also highlights controversial areas and research priorities.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1859126</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1859126</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Porcine rotavirus type A VP8 protein: an antigen with dual functions as a subunit vaccine and serological diagnostic agent, from receptor binding to mucosal and systemic immunity]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-04T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Zhang Zhen</author><author>Liu Shuhua</author><author>Ma Baihe</author><author>Chen Xin</author><author>Guo Meiliang</author><author>Liang Fanxin</author><author>Li Lianrui</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Porcine group A rotavirus (PoRVA) continues to be a significant cause of neonatal diarrhea in pigs, affecting swine production globally. VP8*, the glycan-binding domain of VP4, is crucial for viral attachment and immune activation. The dual role of VP8* makes it a promising candidate for vaccines and serological monitoring. However, research faces limitations due to genotype-specific receptor variations, inadequate in vivo validation, and inconsistent methodologies among studies. This review not only consolidates existing knowledge on VP8* biology, structural interactions with receptors, and potential applications, but also critically identifies knowledge gaps, experimental constraints, and emerging controversies such as the uncertain physiological relevance of in vitro glycan binding and the lack of standardized correlates of protection. By integrating recent advances in reverse genetics, nanoparticle platforms, and mRNA vaccines, we offer a forward-looking perspective that goes beyond mere confirmation of published data.We explore advancements in recombinant VP8* technologies, the challenges associated with PoRVA strain diversity, and the potential of molecular biology and vaccinology approaches to enhance intervention strategies.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1869855</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1869855</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Molecular epidemiological analysis of lumpy skin disease virus isolates from recent outbreaks in India]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-03T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Sunil Tadakod</author><author>Sudeep Nagaraj</author><author>Shraddha Bijalwan</author><author>Nadipinayakanahalli Munikrishnappa Guruprasad</author><author>Manjunatha Reddy Gundallahalli Bayyappa</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionLumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is an emerging transboundary pathogen causing severe economic losses in cattle. Continuous molecular surveillance is essential to understand the evolution and spread of circulating strains in India.MethodsClinical samples, including nasal swabs, blood, and tissue specimens, were collected from suspected cattle during the 2025 outbreaks in Maharashtra and Karnataka. Samples were screened using the p32 gene PCR, virus isolation, followed by GPCR gene amplification, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis.ResultsLSDV was detected in 33/40 of the samples. Nasal swabs showed the highest diagnostic sensitivity (95%), followed by tissue biopsies (82%). GPCR-based phylogenetic analysis revealed that the 2025 isolates formed a highly homogeneous clade closely related to the 2022 Haryana strain and distinct from earlier Indian and vaccine-associated lineages. Conserved amino acid substitutions (P34T and P61T) were identified in all isolates.DiscussionThe study demonstrates the circulation of a genetically stable yet evolving LSDV lineage in India and highlights the importance of targeted diagnostics and continuous genomic surveillance for effective outbreak monitoring and disease control.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1805695</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2026.1805695</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Prevalence of pre-diabetes, newly diagnosed diabetes, and associated COVID-19 disease severity in patients hospitalized at Sir Ketumile Masire Teaching Hospital, Botswana]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-03T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Kabelo Bakgethisi</author><author>Sikhulile Moyo</author><author>Graceful Mulenga</author><author>Lynnette N. Bhebhe</author><author>Elizabeth Botsile</author><author>Peter Vuylsteke</author><author>Tendani Gaolatlhe</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundThe mechanism of diabetes with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and onset in COVID-19 patients remains unclear. We aimed to determine the prevalence of pre-diabetes and newly diagnosed diabetes, and to assess their association with COVID-19 disease severity in patients admitted to Sir Ketumile Masire Teaching Hospital (SKMTH), Botswana.MethodsWe conducted a single-center, retrospective cross-sectional study at SKMTH. A random sample of 100 adult patient records was reviewed from 992 eligible admissions with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 between June 2020 and June 2021. Patients with a known history of diabetes were excluded. Participants were classified as normoglycemic, pre-diabetic, or newly diagnosed diabetic based on their first available laboratory results, primarily HbA1c, during admission. Univariate and multivariable Poisson regression was used to identify factors associated with severe COVID-19 disease and mortality.ResultsAmong 100 patients, 73% were male, with a mean age of 49.5 years (Standard deviation 13.7). Hypertension (34%) and HIV infection (24%) were the most prevalent comorbidities. Pre-diabetes was detected in 35% (95%CI:25.7–45.2) and newly diagnosed diabetes in 43% (95% CI: 33.1–53.6) of participants. Having diabetes increased the risk of severe COVID-19 [adjusted Relative Risk (aRR)=5.74; 95%CI:1.31–25.2, p=0.02]. Sepsis was also an independent predictor (aRR=5.90; 95% CI:1.83–18.7, p=0.003). In contrast, male sex was associated with a reduced risk of severe disease compared with females (aRR=0.40; 95% CI:0.16–1.0, p=0.05). HIV, hypertension, and alcohol use were not significantly associated with severe disease. Residing in rural areas was associated with a reduced risk of severe disease (aRR=0.41; 95%CI:0.15-1.10). Of the 98 participants with available outcome data, 44 (44.9%) died during hospitalization, and 54 (55.1%) were discharged alive. Newly diagnosed diabetes was associated with increased in-hospital mortality in both univariable (RR = 3.45, 95% CI: 1.17–10.21; p=0.025) and multivariable analyses (aRR=3.71, 95%CI:1.49–9.26; p=0.005).ConclusionThere was a high burden of previously undiagnosed pre-diabetes and diabetes among COVID-19 inpatients in Botswana. Among hospitalized COVID-19 patients without previously known diabetes, newly diagnosed diabetes was associated with a higher risk of severe disease and poor in-hospital outcomes, highlighting the importance of integrating routine diabetes screening into COVID-19 care pathways.]]></description>
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