AUTHOR=Łysakowski Mikołaj , Gapsa Jakub , Lyu Chenxu , Bohné Thomas , Tadeja Sławomir Konrad , Skrzypczyński Piotr 

TITLE=Enhancing augmented reality with machine learning for hands-on origami training

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Virtual Reality

VOLUME=Volume 6 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/virtual-reality/articles/10.3389/frvir.2025.1499830

DOI=10.3389/frvir.2025.1499830

ISSN=2673-4192

ABSTRACT=This research explores integrating augmented reality (AR) with machine learning (ML) to enhance hands-on skill acquisition through origami folding. We developed an AR system using the YOLOv8 model to provide real-time feedback and automatic validation of each folding step, offering step-by-step guidance to users. A novel approach to training dataset preparation was introduced, which improves the accuracy of detecting and assessing origami folding stages. In a formative user study involving 16 participants tasked with folding multiple origami models, the results revealed that while the ML-driven feedback increased task completion times, it also made participants feel more confident throughout the folding process. However, they also reported that the feedback system added cognitive load, slowing their progress, though it provided valuable guidance. These findings suggest that while ML-supported AR systems can enhance the user experience, further optimization is required to streamline the feedback process and improve efficiency in complex manual tasks.