High-altitude (HA) environments (above 2,500 meters) impose unique physiological challenges on the human body, including hypoxia, cold stress, and enhanced ultraviolet radiation. These factors trigger acute and chronic neuroadaptive responses. While prior research has extensively explored hypoxia-driven cerebral plasticity changes and their impacts on cognitive and emotional functions, critical knowledge gaps persist in several areas: (1) molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying neuroadaptation under extreme altitude conditions (e.g., above 5,000 meters); (2) lasting health consequences of repeated or prolonged HA exposure; (3) translational potential of neuroprotective strategies. Furthermore, studies on neurobiological responses in vulnerable populations such as children and the elderly remain fragmented. This special issue aims to address these gaps through multidisciplinary integration.

By synthesizing interdisciplinary approaches, this collection seeks to advance understanding of how extreme HA environments influence neural function and health outcomes. Key objectives include:

1. Elucidating neurophysiological and molecular mechanisms of acute and chronic neuroadaptation to hypoxia and other HA stressors.

2. Characterizing HA exposure effects on cognitive performance, emotional regulation, and sleep architecture across diverse populations.

3. Identifying biomarkers and risk factors for altitude-related neurological disorders (e.g., high-altitude cerebral edema, cognitive decline).

4. Exploring innovative interventions (e.g., pharmacotherapy, technology, behavioral strategies) to mitigate

We welcome submissions across, but not limited to, the following themes:

1. Neuroimaging and Electrophysiology: Structural/functional brain alterations in HA populations; EEG/fMRI correlates of cognitive and emotional adaptation.

2. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms: Hypoxia-induced gene expression, neuroinflammation, and synaptic plasticity.

3. Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience: Executive function, memory, and decision-making under HA stress; psychiatric comorbidities (e.g., anxiety, depression).

4. Translational Research: Neuroprotective strategies (e.g., oxygen therapy, exercise, pharmacology); wearable technologies for real-time monitoring.

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High-Altitude Neuroscience: Innovative Pathways from Adaptive Mechanisms to Health Management

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