The field of cognitive science has been dramatically reshaped by the emergence of large-scale neural architectures, most notably Transformer-based Large Language Models (LLMs). These artificial systems now demonstrate behavioral patterns and cognitive-like capacities that were once hypothetical, prompting fresh debate on their relation to natural intelligence. Recent empirical evidence has shown that LLMs can perform tasks involving reasoning, language processing, and even nuanced forms of understanding, yet the interpretability of these achievements and the depth of their “cognitive” status remain widely contested. New advances in mechanistic interpretability and representational analysis, along with comparative neuroscience methods, have enabled researchers to trace internal computations and relate them to explanatorily rich cognitive phenomena. Nonetheless, the field continues to face unresolved questions concerning the origins and nature of meaning, intentionality, and explanation within both biological and artificial minds.

This Research Topic aims to confront the explanatory and methodological issues that arise from the increasing cognitive sophistication of artificial systems. It seeks to go beyond mere behavioral analogy, challenging reductive or superficial accounts of machine intelligence by critically examining the foundations of cognition in computational systems. By synthesizing insights from philosophy of mind, linguistics, and cognitive neuroscience with new empirical investigations and modeling techniques, the Research Topic endeavors to clarify under what conditions artificial models can be said to “understand,” how meaning and representation might emerge, and what it means to offer a genuine mechanistic explanation for cognitive-like phenomena in machines. Specific questions include: How can internal organizational principles of neural architectures be mapped to cognitive functions? In what ways do computational and human cognition converge and diverge? How does the explanatory landscape shift when linguistic and biological perspectives are integrated? What can systematic comparisons between LLMs and the human brain reveal about shared representational structures, information flow, and functional organization?

The range of this Research Topic encompasses interdisciplinary inquiry into the mechanisms, representations, and meanings produced by large language models and related artificial neural systems, while emphasizing links and contrasts with natural cognition. We welcome contributions that address, but are not limited to, the following themes:

- Mechanistic explanations and interpretability of artificial neural architectures
- Comparative analyses between computational models and human cognitive or neural systems
- Emergence and nature of meaning, representation, and intentionality in artificial agents
- Theoretical accounts of explanation, understanding, and method in AI and cognitive science
- Investigations of linguistic, semantic, and reasoning capacities in LLMs
- Reflections on embodiment, situatedness, and 4E (embodied, embedded, enactive, extended) cognition in computational contexts

We invite theoretical, empirical, methodological, and review articles from across philosophy, psychology, linguistics, neuroscience, and artificial intelligence.

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Theoretical Foundations for a Science of Machine Cognition

Topic Coordinator