Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS)—encompassing modalities such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and next-generation approaches—offers transformative potential to modulate synaptic plasticity and neural network dynamics across a broad spectrum of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Despite these advances, the molecular and synaptic cascades underlying adaptive versus maladaptive outcomes of NIBS remain only partly understood. This Research Topic seeks to unite mechanistic and translational work that elucidates the neurobiological responses engaged by NIBS within clinically relevant contexts.

This collection aspires to bridge molecular insights and clinical translation, advancing our understanding of NIBS in both maladaptive and therapeutic neuroplasticity. We invite researchers in the field to contribute original findings, cutting-edge methods, or critical perspectives to accelerate progress toward effective, mechanism-guided neuromodulation therapies.

We welcome contributions exploring, but not limited to:

- Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms: Investigations of transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic profiles; receptor trafficking; intracellular signaling pathways (e.g., Ca²⁺/kinase cascades); neuroinflammatory interactions; and the involvement of major neuromodulatory systems.

- Synaptic and Circuit Plasticity: Studies on LTP/LTD-like mechanisms, shifts in inhibitory–excitatory balance, cell-type–specific plasticity, and mesoscale network adaptations with defined molecular underpinnings.

- Disease-Focused Applications: Research addressing plasticity mechanisms in Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, frontotemporal dementia, depression, schizophrenia, OCD, PTSD, and related disorders.

- Multimodal and Longitudinal Approaches: Work leveraging preclinical models or human studies that integrate NIBS with molecular imaging (e.g., MRS, PET), electrophysiology, advanced neuroimaging, and fluid biomarkers.

- Conceptual Advances and Perspectives: Articles aimed at reframing maladaptive plasticity in the NIBS context, identifying response biomarkers, delineating dose- and protocol-dependence, promoting personalized intervention strategies, and evaluating combined neuromodulatory-pharmacological therapies.

Article Types:

Original Research, Brief Research Reports, Methods, Reviews/Mini-Reviews, Hypothesis & Theory, Perspectives, and Opinions.

Are you interested in contributing a manuscript to this Research Topic?

From Maladaptive to Therapeutic Plasticity: Mechanistic Insights from Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation