Biomineralization technology offers an eco-friendly and efficient method for stabilizing heavy metals (HMs) in ecosystem. This technology comprises two primary methods: microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) and enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP). Biomineralization provides a superior alternative to stabilize heavy metals due to its low energy consumption, reduced carbon dioxide emissions, and superior biocompatibility. In the process of biomineralization, heavy metal ions precipitate and co-precipitate with calcium carbonate, forming a solidified and stabilized product. Despite its many advantages, little attention has been paid to the impact of biomineralization on mitigation of ammonia nitrogen of bio-treated polluted water and the strength of contaminated soil, limiting its further applications in ecological environment restoration. This paper summarizes recent advancements in biomineralization for solidifying and stabilizing (S/S) heavy metals in contaminated water and soil. Key factors inhibiting this method’s application include the concentration and combinations of heavy metal ions, the concentration of ammonia nitrogen in polluted water, and the properties of contaminated soil. Finally, this paper offers recommendations on the optimization of further research and experimental design of biomineralization on S/S polluted water and contaminated soil.

Understanding the water quality and its influencing factors of different water bodies is essential for managing water resources in closed inland lake basins in semi-arid regions. However, generally, groundwater or surface water is assessed separately, and the differences among different water bodies are neglected. This study assessed the water quality and its influencing factors of different water bodies in the Daihai Lake Basin (a closed inland lake basin in a semi-arid region) by analysing the hydrochemical data of groundwater, and spring, river, and lake waters in the dry and wet seasons. The dominant hydrochemical type of groundwater (81.48%), spring water (80%), and river water (83.33%) was HCO₃^–Ca•Mg, while that of lake water was Cl-Na (100%). Groundwater, spring water, and river water were suitable for drinking and agricultural irrigation; however, the groundwater quality was worse in the wet season than in the dry season. Na⁺ and Cl^– majorly affected the lake water quality. The mean NO₃^– concentration in groundwater was 28.39 mg/L, and its non-carcinogenic hazard quotient indicated that high risk areas were mainly distributed in Tiancheng and northern Maihutu. The hydrochemical compositions of groundwater, spring water, and river water were mainly influenced by rock (silicate and carbonate) weathering and cation exchange, and agricultural activities were the main sources of groundwater NO₃^–. Moreover, the lake hydrochemical composition was mainly affected by evaporation and halite dissolution. Thus, groundwater NO₃^– pollution and lake water salinisation should be prioritised. These findings provide a more thorough understanding of water quality and its influencing factors in the closed inland lake basin in the semi-arid region, and can be used to develop the protection of ecosystems and water resources management strategies in the Daihai Lake Basin.