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Mini Review
15 September 2023
A new perspective on Alzheimer’s disease: microRNAs and circular RNAs
Shahidee Zainal Abidin
3 more and 
Adila A. Hamid
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microRNAs (miRNAs) play a multifaceted role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). miRNAs regulate several aspects of the disease, such as Aβ metabolism, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, and synaptic function. The dynamic interaction between miRNAs and their target genes depends upon various factors, including the subcellular localization of miRNAs, the relative abundance of miRNAs and target mRNAs, and the affinity of miRNA-mRNA interactions. The miRNAs are released into extracellular fluids and subsequently conveyed to specific target cells through various modes of transportation, such as exosomes. In comparison, circular RNAs (circRNAs) are non-coding RNA (ncRNA) characterized by their covalently closed continuous loops. In contrast to linear RNA, RNA molecules are circularized by forming covalent bonds between the 3′and 5′ends. CircRNA regulates gene expression through interaction with miRNAs at either the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level, even though their precise functions and mechanisms of gene regulation remain to be elucidated. The current stage of research on miRNA expression profiles for diagnostic purposes in complex disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease is still in its early phase, primarily due to the intricate nature of the underlying pathological causes, which encompass a diverse range of pathways and targets. Hence, this review comprehensively addressed the alteration of miRNA expression across diverse sources such as peripheral blood, exosome, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain in AD patients. This review also addresses the nascent involvement of circRNAs in the pathogenesis of AD and their prospective utility as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for these conditions in future research.

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Review
20 June 2023

T cell receptors (TCR) play a vital role in the immune system’s ability to recognize and respond to foreign antigens, relying on the highly polymorphic rearrangement of TCR genes. The recognition of autologous peptides by adaptive immunity may lead to the development and progression of autoimmune diseases. Understanding the specific TCR involved in this process can provide insights into the autoimmune process. RNA-seq (RNA sequencing) is a valuable tool for studying TCR repertoires by providing a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of the RNA transcripts. With the development of RNA technology, transcriptomic data must provide valuable information to model and predict TCR and antigen interaction and, more importantly, identify or predict neoantigens. This review provides an overview of the application and development of bulk RNA-seq and single-cell (SC) RNA-seq to examine the TCR repertoires. Furthermore, discussed here are bioinformatic tools that can be applied to study the structural biology of peptide/TCR/MHC (major histocompatibility complex) and predict antigenic epitopes using advanced artificial intelligence tools.

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13 citations
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