Aging causes the gradual decline of immune system function, which increases the incidence of acute and chronic diseases, the development of metabolic syndrome and the susceptibility to acquire or the reactivation of infections. In general, this age-related immune dysfunction is defined as immunosenescence, is associated with changes on different immune components such as thymic involution, lymph nodes fibrosis, loss of diversity and function of adaptive immunity and loss of the regulation of the inflammatory secretome.

The function and fitness of the immune system are critical factors for organism homeostasis, resistance against infections, success in pharmacological treatments, immunotherapy, and vaccines responses. The health benefits derived from immunonutrients supplementation, functional foods and the role of the microbiome in individuals with pathology, have been described on metabolic diseases, cancer and autoimmunity, however, despite significant advances in understanding how immunonutrients and microbiome modulate the immune system, there is still much more to be done to really understand their mechanism on health and disease, particularly during elderly. It is necessary to study the pathological processes related to aging and its association with immune responses, lifestyle, diet and exercise and microbiome composition. It is known that inflammaging contribute to the derangements of several tissues and organs, including its ability to respond to exercise, nutritional stimuli and d drug-food interactions.

There is an urgent need to expand our knowledge of the mechanisms driving immunosenescence and inflammaging processes in a wide range of pathologic processes. And also, is necessary to know the strategies that have been designed and tested in order to modulate the immune system responses during elderly.

We invite submissions in the form of Original Research, Systematic Reviews, Case Reports, Clinical Trials, and others that focus on, but are not limited to, the following issues:

• Effects of functional and conventional foods on the immune system, including their impact on mucosal barrier integrity, microbiota, and inflammation.
• Regulatory or stimulatory effects of microbiome on the immune system, signaling networks to immunometabolism.
• Immunosenescence, potential drug-food interactions, lifestyle, diet, exercise, efficacy and/or effectiveness studies.
• Evaluation of immunological status through emergent biomarkers.

Please note that all studies around inflammatory disease which do not have a strong immunological focus are not in scope with this journal.

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Immunosenescence and Inflammaging: Modulating Immune Function through Diet, Lifestyle, and Therapeutic Interventions