With the continuous development of sports science, training methods have become increasingly diversified. Complex training, which integrates multiple training modalities, has emerged as an innovative training method. This approach combines strength training, aerobic exercise, flexibility training, and skill-based practice to achieve balanced development across various physiological systems. Especially in elite sports, complex training not only enhances athletes' physical fitness but also promotes the improvement of technical skills, ultimately enhancing performance.

However, existing research on complex training tends to focus on single disciplines, lacking systematic exploration of its applicability, effectiveness, and optimization strategies across different sports. Therefore, this study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the application of complex training across various sports, analyzing its effects and offering theoretical and empirical support for practical training applications.

Note: This manuscript has been cross-listed to the Exercise Physiology section; however, only papers with physiological aspects will be considered in the Exercise Physiology section.

The primary goal of this research is to explore the application of complex training in sports through theoretical analysis and practical experimentation. Specific research topics include:

1. Theoretical Foundations and Development of Complex Training
- Explore the concept, classification, and differences between complex training and traditional training models.
- Summarize the current state of complex training in sports, analyzing its effects and applications in various sports.

2. Effects of Complex Training on Athletes’ Physical Fitness
- Analyze the impact of complex training on strength, endurance, explosive power, and flexibility.
- Use physiological tests (such as VO₂max, lactate threshold, etc.) to evaluate the impact of complex training on athletes' physical capacities.

3. Enhancement of Sports Skills and Performance through Complex Training
- Investigate how complex training contributes to improving athletic skills, such as speed, endurance, and coordination.
- Conduct performance tests (such as sprinting, jumping, or specific sports skills like basketball shooting) to assess the improvement in technical skills.

4. Implementation Strategies for Complex Training in Different Sports
- Explore the application of complex training in different sports (e.g., football, basketball, track and field, etc.).
- Develop personalized complex training plans for athletes from various sports (elite athletes, amateurs, youth athletes).

5. Evaluation and Optimization of Complex Training
- Assess the effectiveness of complex training based on the results of physical and skill performance improvements.
- Provide suggestions for optimizing training plans tailored to specific sports or athlete groups.

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The Application of Complex Training in Sports: Theory, Practice, and Impact