Three-dimensional (3D) cancer models have emerged as pivotal tools in oncology research, offering a more accurate representation of tumor biology compared to traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures. As the rapid adoption of 3D bioprinted cell cultures continues in drug discovery and development, comprehending how these models emulate tumor microenvironments and respond to apoptotic signals is imperative. Current research is underscoring the limitations and challenges involving drug-induced apoptosis evaluations and resistance mechanisms in 3D structures, which are more complex than in 2D isolates.

Significant progress has been made in recent studies highlighting innovative methodologies and technologies that integrate 3D cancer models with advanced analytical assays. These efforts aim to closely replicate in vivo conditions and deepen our understanding of cellular responses within these intricate structures. However, despite these advances, there remains a critical need for a comprehensive roadmap to fully decipher how these models can accurately mirror in vivo conditions, ensuring effective research and therapeutic outcomes.
This Research Topic aims to deepen insights into the mechanisms of apoptosis and drug resistance as observed in 3D cancer models. By seeking to explore and expand on the use of modern technologies and methodologies, this research will strive to bridge the considerable gap between in vitro and in vivo testing realms, ultimately contributing important knowledge to the field of oncology and pharmacology.

To gather further insights into this vital domain, we welcome articles addressing, but not limited to, the following themes:
• Development and validation of novel assays for drug-induced apoptosis in 3D models
• Comparative analysis of apoptosis mechanisms in 2D vs 3D cancer model systems
• Exploring the impact of tumor microenvironment on drug resistance in 3D cultures
• Case studies illustrating successful applications of 3D cancer models in drug testing
• Technological advancements in bioprinting for creating complex 3D tumor models

Topic Editor Dr. Chrisna Gouws is in official collaboration agreement with CelVivo ApS, Denmark, and is the director of Society for Advanced Cell Culture Modelling for Africa NPC. All other Topic Editors declare no competing interests with regards to the Research Topic subject.

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3D Cancer Models: Decoding Apoptosis and Drug Resistance