Lithic microorganisms - including endolithic, hypolithic, and epilithic communities - represent some of the most resilient life forms on Earth. Comprised of diverse groups such as fungi, bacteria, and archaea, these organisms exhibit remarkable adaptability to extreme environments characterized by high UV radiation, temperature extremes, nutrient limitation, and scarce water availability. Within these niches, microorganisms such as cyanobacteria and members of the genus Halobacterium have developed unique survival strategies, including the synthesis of protective pigments and efficient nutrient cycling mechanisms. Additionally, Chroococcidiopsis, a cyanobacterium often found in arid environments, exhibits desiccation-resistant properties crucial for surviving extended periods without water. The presence of extremophilic archaea, like those from the Crenarchaeota phylum, further exemplifies the adaptive potential of lithic life in harsh conditions.

This Research Topic aims to explore the diverse adaptive strategies employed by lithic microorganisms to overcome the harsh conditions across rock-based environments. By investigating the metabolic pathways, genomic adaptations, and community interactions of these microorganisms, researchers can gain deeper insights into the fundamental principles of life's resilience and adaptability. A comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms not only informs the field of extremophile biology but also provides valuable context for the search for extraterrestrial life, as similar adaptive strategies may allow organisms to persist on other planets with extreme environments, such as Mars.

We welcome submissions of Original Research, Reviews, Methods, Perspective and Opinion articles. The scope of this Research Topic includes, but is not limited to:

• Genomic and metabolic adaptations of lithic microorganisms (endoliths, hypoliths, and epiliths);

• Role of microbial pigments and cellular structures in environmental protection;

• Interactions and community dynamics within lithic microbial ecosystems;

• Comparisons of lithic microbial communities across differing environmental conditions;

• Implications for astrobiology: analogues of potential life forms on Mars and other celestial bodies;

• Biotechnological applications inspired by lithic microbial adaptations;

• Evolutionary perspectives on the diversification and specialization of lithic life forms.

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Diversity and Adaptive Strategies of Lithic Microorganisms

Topic Coordinator