Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO), also known as Devic’s disease, is a rare but severe autoimmune disorder predominantly affecting the optic nerves and spinal cord. Historically misdiagnosed as multiple sclerosis due to overlapping symptoms, NMO is characterized by acute attacks of optic neuritis and transverse myelitis, leading to blindness and paralysis if untreated. The discovery of the NMO-IgG antibody and its target, aquaporin-4, has revolutionized our understanding, enabling more accurate diagnosis and differentiation from other neurological conditions. Despite these advancements, challenges remain in timely diagnosis, understanding the disease’s pathogenesis, and developing targeted therapies.

This Research Topic aims to address the current challenges and explore recent advancements in the diagnosis, pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria and treatment of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders. We seek to enhance understanding of the disease mechanisms, including the role of the immune system and environmental factors in NMO pathology. Additionally, we aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety of emerging therapies, such as monoclonal antibodies and immunosuppressive agents, and explore potential biomarkers for early detection and monitoring of disease activity. By collating diverse research perspectives, this issue seeks to foster collaboration and drive innovation in NMO diagnosis in order to perform its management, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

We welcome contributions that explore various aspects of Neuromyelitis Optica, including but not limited to its:

• pathophysiological mechanisms,

• diagnostic challenges,

• novel therapeutic approaches.

Submissions may include original research articles, reviews, case reports, and clinical trials. We are particularly interested in studies examining new diagnostic markers, genetic predispositions, and the impact of novel treatments on disease progression and quality of life.

Authors are encouraged to contribute interdisciplinary research that bridges the gap between laboratory findings and clinical practice, offering new insights into effective management strategies for NMO.

Topic Editor Veronica Rivas Alonso received financial support as speaker from Roche, Astra Zeneca, Amgen, Novartis, Merck, Stendhal, Biogen. The other Topic Editors declare no competing interests with regard to the Research Topic subject.

Are you interested in contributing a manuscript to this Research Topic?

Advances and Challenges in Neuromyelitis Optica: Bridging the Gap in Diagnosis and Treatment