Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as pivotal regulators of cancer biology and immune responses, offering transformative potential for next-generation cancer immunotherapies and vaccines. In breast cancer—particularly in immunologically complex subtypes such as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)—ncRNAs govern tumour immunogenicity, immune evasion, and therapeutic responsiveness. TNBC’s molecular heterogeneity, ranging from strong immune infiltration to immune-desert phenotypes, directly influences immunotherapy outcomes. A growing area of interest is the involvement of ncRNAs in regulating mechanisms like angiogenesis and immune evasion. For example, angiogenesis-related miRNAs (AngioMiRs) modulate expression of genes crucial for both tumour growth and immune cell infiltration. Abnormal tumour vasculature can generate hypoxic, immune-excluded microenvironments that undermine vaccine efficacy. Targeting AngioMiRs or other immunomodulatory ncRNAs could help reprogram these landscapes, enhancing immune activation and therapeutic response.

We invite original research, reviews, and perspectives advancing the understanding of how ncRNAs influence immune regulation, tumour immunogenicity, and cancer vaccine efficacy in breast cancer. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

- ncRNA-based biomarkers for predicting vaccine or immunotherapy response

- Modulation of vaccine-induced immunity via targeted ncRNA strategies

- ncRNA-driven mechanisms of immune evasion, including angiogenesis and checkpoint regulation

- RNA-based adjuvants or delivery systems using synthetic or natural vectors

- Computational and synthetic biology approaches for ncRNA-guided vaccine design

ncRNA functions in virus-associated breast cancers and their implications for vaccine strategies

Please note the following conflict of interest disclosure for Dr. Jesse H. Erasmus, affiliated with HDT Bio.
Drs. Kumar and Damane declared no conflict of interest.

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Decoding non-coding RNAs in Breast Cancer Immunity and Vaccine Development

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