Traditional neuromodulation techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) or transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), have revolutionized our ability to non-invasively probe and alter brain activity. However, single-modality approaches often face inherent limitations in achieving highly specific or sustained effects due to the brain's distributed nature and compensatory mechanisms. A new frontier is emerging at the intersection of various stimulation methods and sensory inputs: multimodal stimulation. By combining distinct neurostimulation techniques (e.g., electrical, magnetic, optical, acoustic) with or across various sensory domains (e.g., visual, auditory, somatosensory), we can potentially unlock more sophisticated and targeted modulation of neural circuits, leading to enhanced understanding of brain function and more effective therapeutic interventions.

This Research Topic aims to explore the advancements in multimodal stimulation techniques and their profound impact on human neuroscience. We invite contributions that delve into the theoretical underpinnings, methodological innovations, and diverse applications of combining different stimulation modalities. The goal is to move beyond single-modality interventions, embracing the potential of combining stimuli to achieve more precise spatiotemporal targeting, enhance neuroplasticity, or overcome limitations of individual techniques. We encourage submissions that bridge basic science with translational and clinical research, highlighting both the opportunities and the inherent challenges in this rapidly evolving field.

We welcome original research, reviews, methods articles, and opinion pieces that address, but are not limited to, the following themes:

1. Novel methodological frameworks for combined multimodal stimuli delivery

2. Mechanistic insights via neuroimaging

3. Therapeutic applications

4. Computational modeling and personalized approaches

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Multimodal stimulation techniques