Plastics, especially microplastics (particles <5 mm) are now recognized as pervasive contaminants in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. This special issue will focus on plastics (from macro- to micro-) from a wide range of sources, and the complex transformation and weathering processes they undergo in the environment, particularly in rivers, lakes, estuaries, and oceans. Growing evidence links (micro)Plastics exposure to detrimental effects on aquatic organisms, from plankton and invertebrates to fish, as well as potential risks to terrestrial wildlife, through trophic transfers in the food web and the water cycle.

Despite scientific advances, key questions remain regarding the environmental fate, biological impacts, and ecotoxicological mechanisms of these contaminants. This Research Topic calls for original research, reviews, and perspective papers that address the full spectrum of (micro)Plastic pollution in aquatic and terrestrial systems, and welcomes interdisciplinary approaches that integrate:

o Occurrence, distribution, and characterization and fate of (micro)Plastics in various aquatic environments;

o (eco)Toxicological effects on aquatic animals (invertebrates, amphibians, fish), terrestrial animals, including mechanisms at molecular, physiological, and population levels;

o Food web interactions, bioaccumulation, and transfer of plastics and associated chemicals;

o Ecological implications for biodiversity, ecosystem function, and environmental services;

o Analytical methods and innovative tools for detection, monitoring, and quantification;

o Risk assessment, management, and mitigation strategies for (micro)Plastic pollution.

By highlighting the intersections between environmental science, toxicology, and public health, this Research Topic seeks to deepen our understanding of (micro)Plastics as emerging contaminants and to inform the development of effective solutions, policy measures, and public awareness.

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Environmental impacts and challenges of (micro)plastics in aquatic systems