Multidimensional composite biomaterials integrate structural units across different dimensions, including zero-dimensional nanoparticles, one-dimensional fibers, two-dimensional interfaces, and three-dimensional hierarchical scaffolds, to achieve functional synergy at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels. Such integration enhances biocompatibility, signal responsiveness, and the precision of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. By dynamically responding to physiological cues or external stimuli, these materials enable high-sensitivity, real-time monitoring of disease biomarkers and offer spatiotemporally controlled delivery of drugs, genes, and immunomodulatory agents. Coupling biosensing and diagnostic functions with therapeutic payload delivery positions multidimensional composite biomaterials as a promising technological platform for next-generation precision theranostics and personalized biomedical engineering.

This research topic aims to systematically showcase recent advances in the design, synthesis, and biomedical applications of multidimensional composite biomaterials, with a particular focus on biosensing and real-time diagnosis and nanocarrier-based precision therapy. On the diagnostic side, the issue will highlight material architectures, interface engineering, and signal amplification strategies that enable high-sensitivity biosensing, continuous monitoring, and multimodal, image-guided diagnostics in vitro and in vivo. On the therapeutic side, it will emphasize nanocarrier-enabled targeted delivery and controlled release systems for immunotherapy, gene modulation, metabolic reprogramming, and combination therapies. We welcome studies that elucidate structure–function relationships, biological interactions, and mechanisms of action, as well as translational research in cancer, chronic diseases, and tissue repair. By integrating insights from materials science, bioengineering, and clinical medicine, this special issue seeks to advance multidimensional composite biomaterials toward truly integrated diagnostic–therapeutic systems and clinical implementation.

This research topic welcomes high-quality submissions, including original research, reviews, and short communications, covering (but not limited to) the following topics:
• Controlled synthesis, assembly, and novel methodology development for multidimensional composite biomaterials
• Surface and interface functionalization, bio-recognition, and anti-fouling/anti-inflammatory modification strategies
• Multidimensional material platforms for biosensing, high-sensitivity detection, and real-time/dynamic diagnostics
• Multidimensional delivery systems for immunotherapy, metabolic regulation, and combination/synergistic therapies
• Integrated theranostic composite materials and image-guided diagnostic–therapeutic systems
• 3D/4D printing and multidimensional scaffolds for tissue regeneration, implantable devices, and medical engineering
• Biosafety, pharmacokinetics, in vitro/in vivo performance evaluation, and mechanistic studies of materials

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Multidimensional Composite Biomaterials: From Rational Design toward Precision Theranostics