Sperm Differentiation and Spermatozoa Function: Mechanisms, Diagnostics, and Treatment

One of the most remarkable processes in nature is the transformation of generic round stem cell to a streamlined spermatozoon that fertilizes the egg, complements it, and activates the program to start a new life. This sperm transformation affects virtually every process and structure of the cell, including the reshaping of the nucleus and repacking of the DNA with histone to protamine transition; formation of new RNA granules; activation haploid-specific transcription; remodelling of the protein-based centriole and the formation of a flagellum with unique configuration; reduction and conversation of membrane-bound organelles such as Golgi and ER to acrosome and residual body; and finally, elimination of most of the cytoplasm. The spermatozoon continues to mature during its transport through the epididymis and along the female reproductive tract. Ultimately, the remarkable program produces a spermatozoon that competes to fertilize the egg. Post-fertilization, the spermatozoon components compliment the egg and activate embryo development. Abnormalities in sperm differentiation result in infertility, miscarriage, and congenital diseases, and we just at the beginning to understand the transgenerational impact of epigenetic information carried by sperm.

In this Research Topic, we welcome contributions discussing cutting-edge studies currently being conducted to investigate sperm differentiation mechanisms and the translation of basic research into clinical diagnostic and treatment.