Monitoring, Early Warning and Mitigation of Natural and Engineered Slopes – Volume II

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Regression curve of measured vibration velocity of step blasting.
Original Research
07 September 2022

In order to study the stability of the high and steep slope of an open-pit mine under deep bench blasting vibration, a mine in Inner Mongolia is taken as the engineering background, and the mechanical parameters of rock samples were determined based on uniaxial and triaxial instruments. The stability of the high and steep slope of the open-pit mine under static and dynamic loads was analyzed by using field vibration monitoring and numerical simulation methods. The results show that the vibration range of the vibration wave is -1.25–1.25 cm/s, and the vibration wave shows a gradual attenuation trend. The Sadovsky regression equation was used to analyze and fit the monitoring data and the corresponding regression equations in each direction were obtained. Under static action, the safety factor of the high and steep slope is 1.20, and the displacement of the sliding zone passing through the slope is small, so the slope stability is good. Under the action of dynamic blasting load, the overall displacement of the slope is small, and the change of displacement decreases with the decrease of the vibration wave.

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Shear strength parameters vs. cure time.
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Comparison of XRD results of montmorillonite samples before and after immersion in HNO3 solution.
Original Research
16 August 2022

To study the mechanical effect of clay under acidic and basic conditions, typical clay minerals, montmorillonite and illite, were taken as the main research objects in this study. The variation law and mechanism of the cohesive force and internal friction angle were studied by immersing the remoulded soil in HNO3 solution with pH = 3 and NaOH (alkaline waste liquid) with pH = 13.5, respectively. It was found that, under acidic conditions, a corrosion reaction between clay minerals and nitric acid occurred. Except for the medium-term, the cohesion generally shows a decreasing trend, and the internal friction angle has little change. Under alkaline conditions, the cohesion of montmorillonite-quartz sand remoulded soil decreased briefly in the early immersion stage of and increased in the middle and late stages. The internal friction angle increases steadily with the extension of immersion time. The cohesion of illite-quartz sand remoulded soil also decreased first and then increased, while the internal friction angle changed little. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that montmorillonite and illite will corrode under acidic conditions, and no new material will be generated, resulting in a decrease in soil cohesion. Under alkaline conditions, montmorillonite was seriously depleted, resulting in the formation of zeolite minerals (zeolite X, garronite) and new cement hydrated calcium silicate CSH (xonotlite). Strong alkali reacts with illite to generate sodium metaaluminate (NaAlO2) and liquid cement Na2SiO3 (sodium silicate). The formation of new cements is the main reason for the increase in cohesion under acid-base conditions, and chemical corrosion and ion exchange cause a decrease in cohesion.

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Frontiers in Earth Science

Geological Hazards in Deep Underground Engineering: Mechanism, Monitoring, Warning, and Control
Edited by Xin Yin, Mahdi Hasanipanah, Haleh RASEKH, Jitendra Khatti
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13 September 2025
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