Conscious Breathing Enhances Bidirectional Cortical–Autonomic Modulation: Dynamics of EEG Band Power and Heart Rate Variability

MariNieves Pardo-Rodriguez^1*Erik Bojorges-Valdez¹Oscar Arias-Carrión²Oscar Yanez-Suarez³

• ¹Universidad Iberoamericana, Mexico City, Mexico
• ²Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitacion Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico
• ³Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa Division de Ciencias Basicas e Ingenieria, Mexico City, Mexico

Introduction: The mechanisms by which conscious breathing influences brain–body signaling remain largely unexplored. Understanding how controlled breathing modulates neural and autonomic activity can offer insights into self-regulation and adaptive physiological control. This study investigates how conscious breathing affects cortical–autonomic communication by analyzing bidirectional interactions between EEG band power time series (BPts), heart rate variability (HRV), and breathing signals. Methods: Data were collected from fifteen healthy subjects during three experimental conditions: a spontaneous breathing state (Rest) and two controlled breathing tasks (CBT 1 and CBT 2). EEG recordings were analyzed to compute BPts across the δ, θ, α, β, and γ frequency bands, while HRV and breathing signals were derived from ECG data. Cross-spectrum analysis and Granger causality tests were performed between HRV and BPts. To further investigate directional interactions, Granger-causal relationships were explored between components of the BPts—extracted using empirical mode decomposition—and the HRV and breathing signals. Results: Bidirectional Granger-causal relationships were found between neural and autonomic systems, emphasizing the dynamic interaction between the brain and body. Specific BPts components mediated neural–autonomic communication, with one component consistently aligning with the frequency of conscious breathing (∼0.05 Hz) during the CBTs. Cross-spectral peaks at this frequency and its harmonics highlight the role of respiratory entrainment in optimizing neuro-autonomic synchronization. Frequency-specific mechanisms observed in both fast and slow components reflect the complex regulation of autonomic functions through cortical modulation. The most prominent causal effects were observed in the γ band, suggesting its pivotal role in dynamic autonomic regulation, potentially acting as a communication pathway between the brain and body. Pardo-Rodriguez et al. Conscious Breathing and Cortical–Autonomic Dynamics Discussion: Our results demonstrate that conscious breathing enhances bidirectional cortical–autonomic modulation through frequency-specific dynamic neural mechanisms. These findings support a closed-loop model of physiological regulation driven by neural–respiratory entrainment and suggest that respiration can serve as a top-down mechanism for autonomic control. By clarifying how conscious breathing shapes brain–body dynamics, this work lays the foundation for research on neural self-regulation and supports the development of non-pharmacological interventions for improving mental and physiological health.