ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Reprod. Health
Sec. Assisted Reproduction
Integrating Salpingoscopy and Immunohistochemistry to Improve Tubal Infertility Diagnosis: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Provisionally accepted
- 1Kazakhstan Medical University KSPH, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- 2Medical Center RAHAT, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- 3Astana Medical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
- 4Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana, Kazakhstan
- 5Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan
- 6Moskovskij gosudarstvennyj universitet imeni M V Lomonosova - Filial v gorode Baku, Baku, Azerbaijan
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Tubal factor infertility is one of the most prevalent and diagnostically challenging etiologies among the causes of female infertility. It remains challenging to diagnose accurately using standard imaging techniques, such as hysterosalpingography and laparoscopy, that often overlook subtle mucosal and molecular abnormalities. This observational retrospective cohort study evaluates whether combining salpingoscopy with immunohistochemistry improves diagnostic and prognostic precision in women with tubal‑factor infertility. 197 women underwent laparoscopy in the period between April 2020 and February 2025. Salpingoscopy assessment is used to evaluate mucosal pathology severity. Ampullary biopsies underwent immunohistochemistry for CD138, Ki‑67, and estrogen/progesterone receptors. A composite prognosis score considered clinical history, duration of conservative therapy, and combined diagnostic findings. Spearman's rank correlation examined associations between diagnostic parameters and pregnancy outcomes (natural or assisted). Higher salpingoscopic severity scores of fallopian tubes correlated negatively with pregnancy likelihood (r = -0.457; p < 0.0001). Immunohistochemistry score inversely correlated with conception (r = -0.263; p = 0.0002). Tubal dilations and adhesions were similarly associated with poorer outcomes (r =-0.232; p = 0.001). In contrast, the composite prognosis score demonstrated a strong positive correlation with treatment success (r = 0.578; p < 0.0001). Integrating salpingoscopic visualization with immunohistochemistry profiling enhances detection of subtle mucosal and molecular tubal pathology, resulting in improved prognostic accuracy over conventional assessments. This multi‑modal approach can inform personalized surgical and assisted reproductive treatment decision‑making. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Kazakhstan Medical University «KSPH» (IRB-64-2023).
Keywords: Infertility, diagnostic methods, Salpingoscopy, Immunohistochemistry, reproductive technologies, Fallopian Tubes
Received: 08 Sep 2025; Accepted: 03 Nov 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Alenova, Korkan, Kauysheva and Magalov. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Adalyat Alenova, phd.surgeon.alenova@gmail.com
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