Beat Knechtle
Zbigniew Jastrzebski
Thomas Rosemann
Pantelis T. Nikolaidis- 1Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- 2Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- 3Department of Tourism and Recreation, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
- 4Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Nikaia, Greece
In recent years, outstanding performances of elderly people up to 100 years have been reported. In this case study, pacing during and recovery after a 12-h ultra-marathon were described for a 95-year old runner. The athlete achieved a total distance of 52.987 km. Pacing followed a parabolic pattern (U-shaped), where the speed decreased till the middle of the race and then increased. However, no end spurt was observed. A large main effect of lap quartile on speed was observed, where the second quartile was slower than the first quartile and forth. The smallest variability was shown in the first quartile and the largest in the second quartile. During recovery, erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit increased whereas thrombocytes and leucocytes decreased. CRP, GOT, GPT, y-GT, CK, and LDH were increased post-race and decreased to reference range during recovery. Also, creatinine and urea decreased during recovery. Creatinine clearance increased during recovery. Sodium increased during recovery and remained constantly within the reference range. During recovery body fat and visceral fat mass decreased, whereas body water and lean body mass increased. In summary, a 95-year-old man was able to run during 12 h using a U-shaped pacing and achieving a total distance of nearly 53 km. Increased selected hematological and biochemical parameters returned to pre-race values within a recovery phase of 5 days.
Introduction
Ultra-marathon running is of high popularity where recent findings showed an increase in both the number of races (Cejka et al., 2014) and successful finishers (Knechtle et al., 2018b). It is well documented that the increase in the number of successful ultra-marathoners in recent years is due to the increase in both women (Hoffman, 2010) and age group athletes (Knechtle et al., 2014).
While it is well-known that age group marathoners can compete late in their life until the age of 70 years (Jokl et al., 2004; Lepers and Cattagni, 2012), 80 years (Brendle et al., 2003) or even to 90 years (Addison et al., 2015; Ahmadyar et al., 2016), very little is known regarding elderly ultra-marathoners of very high ages (Knechtle and Nikolaidis, 2018a). We know from large data set analyses that elderly runners of 70 years (Rüst et al., 2015) up to 85 years (Rust et al., 2014) are able to finish an ultra-marathon.
Pacing is an important aspect for a successful race finish in marathon (Nikolaidis and Knechtle, 2017a,b, 2018b,c; Diaz et al., 2018) and ultra-marathon (Lambert et al., 2004) running. We recently got new insights in the pacing of master marathoners (Nikolaidis and Knechtle, 2017a,b, 2018b), but very little is known for the pacing of master ultra-marathoners (Knechtle et al., 2015; Rüst et al., 2015; Knechtle and Nikolaidis, 2018a; Knechtle et al., 2018a). In a recent case report pacing and recovery phase of a 94-year-old runner in a 6-h ultra-marathon has been reported (Knechtle and Nikolaidis, 2018a), but no longer ultra-marathon duration has been investigated for an ultra-marathoner of this age. In the present case report we investigate the same runner one year later at the age of 95 years in a 12-hrun.
It is well-known that ultra-marathon running leads to considerable acute changes in biomarkers deviating from reference values in specific organs or organ systems such as skeletal muscles, heart, liver, kidney, immune, and endocrine system (Knechtle and Nikolaidis, 2018b). Usually, these changes are temporary and depend on intensity and duration of the performance, and generally, they normalize within a few days after the race (Knechtle and Nikolaidis, 2018b); thus, they should be considered as acute physiological responses to ultra-endurance exercise rather than pathological.
In this case study we investigated, first, the pacing during a 12-h ultra-marathon in a 95-year-old runner and, second, the recovery phase after the race. Regarding the age group world records in ultra-marathon running1 and existing scientific reports, no person at this age ever competed in such a race. Moreover, although the age-related differences in ultra-marathon running performance have been well-documented (Knechtle et al., 2014; Nikolaidis and Knechtle, 2018d), no study has been ever conducted in a 95-year-old runner with regards to the variation of blood physiology during an ultra-marathon race and recovery.
Materials and Methods
Ethics Statement
This case report was approved by the ethical review board of Kanton St. Gallen, Switzerland. The runner provided his written informed consent to the analysis and publication of his data.
The Runner and the Race
Our runner is born in 1923 and started running after his retirement at the age of 65 years. He mainly competed in short distance running races like 5 km, 10 km, and switched later to half-marathon (Knechtle et al., 2010). At the age of 90 years, he successfully completed his first marathon (Mueller et al., 2014). He is the current record holder of the European record in half-marathon and marathon running in age group in M902. In the preparation of this race, he trained 5 days per week on weekdays with a break during the weekend. The daily training varied from 5 to 10 km. One of the training units was together with a group of recreational runners.
Regarding his old age (95 years old), a mild to moderate arterial hypertension is treated with an ACE-inhibitor (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor) (5 mg Lisitril®) and osteopenia is treated with daily intake of 1000 mg calcium (CALCIUM Sandoz® Brausetabl 1000 mg).
On May 12, 2018, the athlete started in the 12-h run at midnight within the ‘Sri Chinmoy 12 + 24 Stunden-Lauf’ held annually in Basel, Switzerland (Stunden-Lauf, 1988). The course is a flat circuit (1101.4 m) on asphalt, lit at night and officially measured by an IAAF-measurer Grade B. The race has the IAU bronze label since 2007. Lap control consists of an electronic timekeeping (two chips at the back of the race number) plus a personal lap counter at the counting stating and a video camera as backup. After passing each lap the runners have a well visible digital clock. With an electronic chip attached to the race number, the time each lap is measured by an official timekeeping company. When the athlete enters the last lap, he takes a little flag with the starting number on it and leaves it at the final whistle on the edge of the road. The organizer then measures the distance so that the full distance can be measured exactly.
The organizer offers a buffet at the runners each round pastas drinks (e.g., water, tea warm, caffeinated drinks, isotonic sports drink, broth, malt beer, red bull, and coffee) as well as solid foods (e.g., pasta, potatoes, bread with various pads such as cheese or jam, salt brezels, chips, peanuts, bars, cakes, chocolate, biscuits, fruits such as bananas, oranges, watermelons, and grapes). The runners can also arrange a food-stuffing along the route themselves and feed themselves or by accompanying persons. The runner was supported by a personal female support providing him in the beginning of the race in the morning hot coffee and bread with jam. Later during the race he drank Coca Cola® and ate some fruits. The runners can also take individual breaks. The runner made one short break in about the middle of the race.
Measurements
Before the competition, we measured body mass, percentage of body fat, fat-free mass and percentage of body water using a bioelectrical impedance scale Tanita BC-545 (Tanita, Arlington Heights, IL, United States) to repeat the measurements after the run and for the 5 days after the race. The reliability and validity of this device has recently been shown (Wang and Hui, 2015).
At the same time points, capillary blood samples at a fingertip were drawn. We measured hemoglobin, hematocrit, leukocytes, platelets, C-reactive protein, creatin-kinase, LDH (Lactate dehydrogenase), GPT (glutamate pyruvate transaminase), GOT (aspartate aminotransferase), γ-GT (gamma-glutamyltransferase), creatinine, potassium and sodium. Hematological analysis [erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, thrombocytes, mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and leucocytes] was performed using ABX Micros CRP 200 medical lab (HORIBA Medical, Montpellier, France) and the analysis of the serum parameters using Fuji Dri-Chem 4000i analysis system (FUJIFILM Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Both laboratory machines undergo regular internal3 and external4 quality controls. Creatinine clearance was estimated using the Cockcroft and Gault formula (Cockcroft and Gault, 1976).
Data Analysis
Both graphical and numerical approaches were used to examine the normality of the data, i.e., visual inspection of normal Q-Q plots and the Shapiro-Wilk test, respectively. Accordingly, parametric statistics were applied. The variation of speed by lap was examined using a fourth degree polynomial regression analysis and the relationship between these variables was estimated by coefficient of determination (R2). Laps were grouped into quartiles, i.e., 1–12, 13–24, 25–36, and 37–48 laps. A repeated measures analysis of variance examined differences in speed among quartiles. 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for mean differences among quartiles. The magnitude of differences was estimated using eta square classified as small (0.010 < η2 ≤ 0.059), medium (0.059 < η2 ≤ 0.138), and large (η2 > 0.138) was used. The relationship among variables was examined using Pearson correlation coefficient r, whose magnitude was evaluated as trivial (r < 0.10), small (0.10 ≤r < 0.30), moderate (0.30 ≤r < 0.50), large (0.50 ≤r < 0.70), very large (0.70 ≤r < 0.90) and perfect (r ≥ 0.90). The acceptable type I error was set at p < 0.05.
Results
Performance
The athlete achieved a total distance of 52.987 km. As shown in Figure 1, the pacing followed a parabolic pattern (U-shaped), where the speed decreased till the middle of the race and then increased. However, no end spurt was observed. A large main effect of lap quartile on speed was observed (F2,077 = 8.193, p = 0.002, η2= 0.427), where the second quartile was slower than the first quartile (-0.88km/h; 95% CI -1.51, -0.25) and forth quartile (-0.93km/h; 95% CI -1.85, 0) (Figure 2). The smallest variability was shown in the first quartile and the largest in the second quartile.
Figure 1. Variation of speed by lap. Temperatures referred to weather conditions during the race. R2, coefficient of determination.
Figure 2. Speed by quartiles of laps.∗different from the second quartile at p < 0.05. Error bars represent standard deviations.
Laboratory Values Before and After the Race
The indices of blood physiology during the race and recovery were presented in Figure 3. Hematocrit and MCHC were out of the normal range. During recovery, erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit increased whereas thrombocytes and leucocytes decreased. The indices of biochemistry were presented in Figure 4. CRP, GOT, GPT, y-GT, CK, and LDH were increased post-race. During recovery, these variables decreased to normal range where also creatinine and urea decreased. Creatinine clearance increased during recovery. Sodium increased during recovery and remained always within the reference range. Changes in body composition during race and recovery were presented in Figure 5. Post-race, body fat, and visceral fat mass decreased, whereas body water and lean body mass increased.
Figure 3. Blood physiology indices during the race and recovery. The shadowed area represents normal reference values. The percentage value over D5 point denotes change from post-race value. D, day post-race.
Figure 4. Biochemical indices during the race and recovery. The shadowed area represents normal reference values. The percentage value over D5 point denotes change from post-race value. D, day post-race.
Figure 5. Body composition during the race and recovery. The dashed line represents the pre-race values. The percentage value over D5 point denotes change from post-race value. D, day post-race.
Correlations
The change in CRP correlated almost perfectly with the change in CK (r = 0.930, p = 0.002) and very largely with the change in LDH (r = 0.770, p = 0.043), whereas the change in Lc correlated almost perfectly with the change in CK (r = 0.901, p = 0.006), but not with the change in LDH (r = 0.632, p = 0.128).
The change in body water was not related to the change in hemoglobin (r = -0.433, p = 0.332) or the change in hematocrit (r = -0.436, p = 0.328). The change in body water correlated very largely with the change in sodium (r = 0.848, p = 0.016), but not with the change in creatinine (r = -0.421, p = 0.347), creatinine clearance (r = 0.304, p = 0.507), urea (r = -0.267, p = 0.563), potassium (r = -0.565, p = 0.186).
The changes in CK and LDH as variables of skeletal muscle damage were not related to the change in creatinine (r = 0.615, p = 0.142 and r = 0.297, p = 0.517, respectively) or the change in creatinine clearance (r = -0.565, p = 0.186 and r = -0.302, p = 0.510).
Discussion
In this case report, it was found that (i) a 95-year-old man was able to run during 12 h using a U-shaped pacing and achieving a total distance of nearly 53 km and (ii) increased selected hematological and biochemical parameters returned to pre-race values within a post-race recovery phase of 5 days.
The present ultra-marathoner showed a U-shaped pacing where running speed decreased in the first 6 h to increase in the second 6 h. Furthermore, the second quartile of the run was slower than the first and fourth quartile. Generally, ultra-marathoners show a positive pacing (i.e., slowing down) during the race (Lambert et al., 2004; Hoffman, 2014; Bossi et al., 2017). We might assume that the present ultra-marathoner was aware of his performance in 6-h ultra-marathon running (Knechtle and Nikolaidis, 2018a) and preserved energy for the second half of the race.
The observed physiological responses to the ultra-endurance race were in agreement with the existing literature indicating that regardless of the age of ultra-endurance runners, negative responses of the function of internal organs and skeletal muscles to exercise occurred during the race similarly for younger and older runners (Jastrzebski et al., 2015c). In addition, these responses depended on the length of the distance covered and were greatest at the end of the ultra-endurance exercise.
We found that increased hematological and biochemical parameters returned nearly all to baseline values within the recovery phase of 5 days. It is well-known that biomarkers of skeletal muscle, liver, and kidney damage increase partially dramatically during an ultra-marathon (Jastrzebski et al., 2015a; Shin et al., 2016) where higher age and faster running speeds lead to more pronounced damage in both liver and kidney. However, like in the present case report, all increased values of biomarkers return within a few days to base line values (Kłapcińska et al., 2013; Knechtle and Nikolaidis, 2018b).
An interesting finding was that erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit and MCH were very low on day 2 where MCHC was increased that day. These changes might be typical for an ultra-marathon and revealed increased rates of destruction of erythrocytes, which was in agreement with the concept of sports anemia. It has been suggested that sports anemia in endurance athletes might be due to hemolysis owing to mechanical trauma and oxidative injuries of erythrocytes (Wu et al., 2004). For instance, this hemolysis might be caused by mechanical trauma when erythrocytes passed through capillaries in contracting muscles and by compression of erythrocytes (e.g., in foot soles during running) (Mairbaurl, 2013). In a 24-h ultra-marathon, significant declines in erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit were detected 2 days and 9 days after the race (Wu et al., 2004). Leucocytes were increased post-race and returned then to pre-race values. Although the changes in leucocytes during ultra-marathon running might be due to an immune response (Zakovska et al., 2017), the increase in leucocytes after the race is most probably due to an inflammatory process (Jee and Jin, 2012).
Interestingly, total body water was highest that day. Most probably the athlete was much diluted that day. Furthermore, we found an increase in total body water after the race where the increase was not related to changes in biomarkers of renal function but to the increase in sodium. Fluid conservation after an ultra-marathon is well-known (Fellmann et al., 1989) and most likely due to endocrine regulation of plasma sodium concentration (Brge et al., 2011). Indeed, sodium concentration increased during recovery and remained always within the reference range.
During recovery, we found correlations between biomarkers of inflammation (e.g., CRP, Lc) with biomarkers of skeletal muscle damage (e.g., CK, LDH). It should be highlighted that inflammation was indicated by the increase of CRP and leukocytes across race suggesting interplay between hematological (leukocytes) and biochemical (CRP) parameters (Kim et al., 2009). Moreover, it was well-known that biomarkers of both skeletal muscle damage and inflammation increase during an ultra-marathon (Kim et al., 2007). During recovery after an ultra-endurance performance such as an Ironman triathlon, biomarkers of inflammation persisted for 5 days after the race, most likely reflecting incomplete muscle recovery (Neubauer et al., 2008).
The changes in biomarkers of skeletal muscle damage (e.g., CK, LDH) were not related to changes of renal function (e.g., creatinine, creatinine clearance) during recovery. An ultra-marathon often leads to a temporary reduction in renal function (Knechtle and Nikolaidis, 2018b). The prevalence of an acute kidney injury in ultra-marathon running can reach 50% of all runners (Lipman et al., 2017). It is assumed that skeletal muscle damage leads to an increase in muscle proteins (e.g., myoglobin). This increase leads to rhabdomyolysis (Schiff et al., 1978) and, consequently, to renal failure (Uberoi et al., 1991).
One might assume that the increase in selected hematological and biochemical variables might be higher in an older athlete compared to a younger one. The change in laboratory variables seems more dependent upon the length of the performance and the intensity than the age of the runner (Del Coso et al., 2013; Shin et al., 2016). Regarding half-marathon and marathon running, marathon running lead to more pronounced responses in myoglobin, CK-MB-mass, ALT, AST, lactate and phosphate (Niemela et al., 2016). Regarding age, elevations in troponin levels are observed only in young participants (<30 years), most strikingly in those younger than 20 years of age (Niemela et al., 2016). Overall, the responses in the increases in these selected hematological and biochemical variables are in line with other reports (Knechtle and Nikolaidis, 2018b).
The findings of the present case study were of great theoretical and practical value, especially considering the increased participation in ultra-marathon races during the last years (Nikolaidis and Knechtle, 2018a,d). The ability of a 95-year-old man to finish a 12-h-run might be first of all to his adaptive abilities acquired during many years of training. Moreover, the long-term adaptations to ultra-endurance exercise might include the exceptional ability to regulate the intensity of his effort in order not to allow to be interrupted. These relationships were particularly evident from changes in the acid-base balance and lactate concentration in the blood during exercise. Ultra-endurance runners do not allow their body to undergo deep changes, e.g., in saturation or blood acidification by temporarily slowing down the pace of the race. On the other hand, running above their limits would probably interrupt the effort after several minutes as a result of muscle acidification (Jastrzebski et al., 2015b). With regard to the effect of recovery, it is clearly observed that in a healthy person the mechanisms of recovery of organs’ physiological function are efficient regardless of age, which is confirmed by all authors.
Although this was the first study to show that a 95-year-old man was able to run during 12 h, master athletes of very old ages (i.e., 90 years and 100 years) were extending their limits (Lepers and Stapley, 2016) and were able to achieve outstanding performances (Lepers et al., 2016). Future studies would be needed to expand our knowledge about athletic performances of elderly people up to 100 years using larger sample sizes. However, a limitation for full interpretation of the laboratory analyses was the lack of detailed analysis of fluid and food intake during both the race and the recovery period. On the other hand, strength of this study was that it examined the post-race recovery for five consecutive days providing detailed information about the daily variation of blood physiology, whereas most existing research focused on changes during an ultra-marathon race but not on recovery (Zakovska et al., 2017). Furthermore, recovery was previously studied using few post-race assessment days, e.g., the second and ninth post-race day in a 24-h ultra-marathon (Wu et al., 2004) in contrast to the daily assessment of blood physiology for five consecutive post-race days in the present study.
Conclusion
In conclusion, a 95-year-old man was able to run – despite the fatigue – during 12 h using a U-shaped pacing and achieving a total distance of nearly 53 km. Increased selected hematological and biochemical parameters returned to pre-race values within a post-race recovery phase of 5 days. It seemed that a person at this old age recovered within 5 days from an 12-h ultra-marathon.
Author Contributions
BK and PN conceived and designed the study. BK collected data. BK, ZJ, TR, and PN analyzed and interpreted the data and drafted the manuscript. BK, ZJ, TR, and PN revised the manuscript and approved the final version.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We thank Fabienne Eggenberger, Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, for her technical assistance.
Footnotes
- ^ www.iau-ultramarathon.org/
- ^ http://european-masters-athletics.org/files/EV_180630.L%C3%85.pdf
- ^ www.qualab.swiss/Interne-Qualitaetskontrolle.htm
- ^ www.qualab.swiss/Externe-Qualitaetskontrolle.htm
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Keywords: master athlete, elderly, endurance, performance, running
Citation: Knechtle B, Jastrzebski Z, Rosemann T and Nikolaidis PT (2019) Pacing During and Physiological Response After a 12-Hour Ultra-Marathon in a 95-Year-Old Male Runner. Front. Physiol. 9:1875. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01875
Received: 29 October 2018; Accepted: 11 December 2018;
Published: 04 January 2019.
Edited by:
Martin Burtscher, University of Innsbruck, AustriaReviewed by:
Daniel Boullosa, Universidade Católica de Brasília, BrazilLuis Manuel Rama, University of Coimbra, Portugal
Copyright © 2019 Knechtle, Jastrzebski, Rosemann and Nikolaidis. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Beat Knechtle, beat.knechtle@hispeed.ch