The Total Track Inspection
Sakdirat Kaewunruen
Mohd Haniff Bin Osman
Panrawee Rungskunroch- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Operations of railway business have always placed “safety” as the first priority. Managing “public safety” requires integral risk monitoring and management. The risk monitoring for rail infrastructure management relies on accurate health monitoring and integrated track inspection. Health monitoring of all rail assets have given rise to “Big Data,” which have been derived and recorded from on-board monitoring and on-track inspections of both fixed and mobile assets. In this paper, the safety-critical inspections of fixed assets or railway infrastructures have be emphasized in order to obtain the integral insights into track defects, irregularities and deterioration of track geometry and components. This paper highlights the systems-based integration framework of on-board and on-site inspection data for railway track integrity assurance under uncertain settings. The risks and consequences of extreme climates have been considered in order to improve adaptiveness, agility, and readiness of the systems-based framework of the total track inspection activities that could underpin and assure track infrastructure integrity and resilience. New challenges in observational field data have been highlighted as the evidences for the necessity for the adaptive systems-based framework of the total track inspection.
Introduction
Track inspection has formed an integral part of railway operation and maintenance of a railway network (Esveld, 2001; Remennikov and Kaewunruen, 2008; Indraratna et al., 2011; Bin Osman et al., 2018). Creating added value from inspection data has been paid a special attention by many researchers around the world over the past three or four decades (Bin Osman and Kaewunruen, 2018a; Kaewunruen and Chiengson, 2018; Ngamkhanong et al., 2018b). However, the function or activities of track inspection are very complicated and rather non-linear. Most researchers specifically focus on a particular activity in the total track inspection framework (Esveld, 2001). Without an integrated framework, the interconnected risks are unmanageable, resulting in unplanned maintenance, corrective maintenance, even train delays, or eventually train derailments. Many lessons learnt by railway organizations and authorities have established stringent rules and policies around the track integrity assurance. Systems thinking approach has been adopted within the industry for decades, in order to enable systems and interconnected risk monitoring and management (Kaewunruen, 2017). Note that these lessons learnt are often kept secret or behind the scene within the rail industry, in order to avoid media attacks, impaired reputation or even public panicking. In reality, eliminating risk totally can cost the pubic exponentially since every track kilometer will be gold plated (or overly designed with very high redundancy). In fact there are uncertainties and unknowns that are often invisible (for example, sinkhole, Earthquakes, vandalisms, terrorists, extreme climate, etc.) (Kaewunruen and Remennikov, 2008a; Kaewunruen et al., 2015, 2016; Sa'adin et al., 2016; Azzoug and Kaewunruen, 2017; Ngamkhanong et al., 2017; Setsobhonkul et al., 2017). The railway industry has thus developed the integrated total risk management and monitoring framework to manage assets (both fixed and mobile). The risk monitoring aspect will require experienced staff with expertise, especially with local knowledge. This paper is thus the first to present the total track inspection, which is an essential part of railway systems risk management (e.g., ISO 55000). Railway tracks, or “fixed asset,” are continuous, safety-critical elements, and inevitably require “track integrity assurance,” which assembles the coordinated activities for any track engineering department to identify and underpin safety and reliability prior to realizing values from the track assets. Often, the main stakeholders of the track integrity assurance are the maintenance team (who can rank the priorities), rail regulator (who can evaluate overall safety and reliability), emergency team (who can manage resilience, adaptation and crisis), and rail authority and government (who can assign budget).
Fixed Assets and Total Inspection
Railway assets could include a wide variety of sub-systems components such as railway tracks, special trackwork (turnouts, switches and crossings, yards, sidings, loops), signals, controls and communications systems, overhead wiring structures, platforms and stations, bridges and viaducts, tunnels, airspace development (e.g., shopping centers, busway, hotels, etc.), billboards, buildings, and other infrastructure components. To assure reliable and safe operations, these assets require regular inspections and maintenance. Critical track assets are the infrastructure components interfaced with rolling stocks or trains. The critical track assets are track components (i.e., rail, lubrication systems, fastening systems, sleepers, ballast, and formation/foundation), electrification (i.e., overhead line equipment), track support structures (i.e., bridges and viaducts), and interface infrastructure (i.e., platforms). Figure 1 illustrates the critical track assets, track inspection activities, data analytic and decision making process (Kaewunruen and Remennikov, 2006, 2008b; Kaewunruen, 2014, 2018; Kaewunruen and Ishida, 2016; Tuler and Kaewunruen, 2017; Ngamkhanong et al., 2018a). Total track inspection activities are grouped into on-board monitoring (using a train and equipped sensors) and on-site inspections (through detailed equipment and human resources). These activities aim to target railway track defects, which can be classified into two main categories: track geometry defects and track component defects. These defects are caused by the deterioration of the conditions of track components over a longer period of time (e.g., 1 or 2 years), relatively to a train passage (over 30–60 s).
Figure 1. Total track inspection.
In particular, geometry defects result from the deterioration or failure of the track support system, while the component deflects are caused by the deterioration or failure of individual track components. Without appropriate inspection and maintenance, geometry defects will cause passenger discomfort, rough ride, increased dynamic and impact loads on track components, incorrect rail adjustment on curves, incorrect track centers and fouled clearances, and eventually a train derailment by altered wheel load distribution (Kaewunruen et al., 2017, 2018b). On the other hand, the component defects tend to cause more severe effects such as infrastructure damages, large settlements, high-intensity impact loads, mud pumping, and so on, which can often lead to detrimental train derailments especially when the track is exposed to uncertain environments (Bin Osman and Kaewunruen, 2018b; Dindar et al., 2018; Kaewunruen et al., 2018a).
Conclusion
The total track inspection has been visualized in this mini review paper to provide a better insight into integrated risk assurance for railway tracks. It is essential to map out the total track inspection activities in order to assure that the track condition can be thoroughly assessed for either preventative or corrective track maintenance. This paper highlights the total inspection activities and their interconnectedness in order to help track engineers and researchers visualize the importance of each task. Since most recent research focusses only on track geometry deterioration, the goal of this mini review is to encourage more research into the total track inspection, which will enhance the resilience of railway track systems facing natural and man-made uncertainties.
Author Contributions
SK, MO, and PR conceptualized, reviewed, and wrote the mini review.
Funding
The publishing costs have been sponsored by the University of Birmingham Library's Open Access Fund.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
SK wishes to acknowledge the Australian Academy of Sciences and Japan Society for Promotion of Science for his JSPS Invitation Research Fellowship (Long-term), Grant No L15701. The authors would like to thank European Commission for H2020-MSCA-RISE Project No. 691135 RISEN: Rail Infrastructure Systems Engineering Network, which enables a global research network that tackles the grand challenge in railway infrastructure resilience and advanced sensing under extreme conditions (www.risen2rail.eu).
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Keywords: track inspection, total inspection, systems integration, on-board monitoring, on-track inspection, track integrity assurance
Citation: Kaewunruen S, Osman MHB and Rungskunroch P (2019) The Total Track Inspection. Front. Built Environ. 4:84. doi: 10.3389/fbuil.2018.00084
Received: 27 November 2018; Accepted: 17 December 2018;
Published: 09 January 2019.
Edited by:
Sanjay Shrawan Nimbalkar, University of Technology Sydney, AustraliaReviewed by:
Sujit Kumar Dash, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, IndiaYifei Sun, Hohai University, China
Copyright © 2019 Kaewunruen, Osman and Rungskunroch. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Sakdirat Kaewunruen, s.kaewunruen@bham.ac.uk