REVIEW article
Front. Blockchain
Sec. Blockchain Technologies
This article is part of the Research TopicBlockchain in the Age of AIView all 5 articles
Can Artificial Intelligence solve the blockchain oracle problem? Unpacking the Challenges and Possibilities
Provisionally accepted
- Universita degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
Select one of your emails
You have multiple emails registered with Frontiers:
Notify me on publication
Please enter your email address:
If you already have an account, please login
You don't have a Frontiers account ? You can register here
The blockchain oracle problem, which refers to the challenge of injecting reliable external data into decentralized systems, remains a fundamental limitation to the development of trustless applications. While recent years have seen a proliferation of architectural, cryptographic, and economic strategies to mitigate this issue, no one has yet fully resolved the fundamental question of how a blockchain can gain knowledge about the off-chain world. In this position paper, we critically assess the role artificial intelligence (AI) can play in tackling the oracle problem. Drawing on both academic literature and practitioner implementations, we examine how AI techniques, such as anomaly detection, language-based fact extraction, dynamic reputation modeling, and adversarial resistance, can enhance oracle systems. We observe that while AI introduces powerful tools for improving data quality, source selection, and system resilience, it cannot eliminate the reliance on unverifiable off-chain inputs. Therefore, this study supports the idea that AI should be understood as a complementary layer of inference and filtering within a broader oracle design, not a substitute for trust assumptions.
Keywords: Blockchain oracles, oracle problem, artificial intelligence, anomaly detection, trustless systems, data verification, Large language models, Smart contracts
Received: 09 Aug 2025; Accepted: 10 Nov 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Caldarelli. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Giulio Caldarelli, giulio.caldarelli@unito.it
Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.