CLINICAL TRIAL article
Front. Hum. Neurosci.
Sec. Brain-Computer Interfaces
Volume 19 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2025.1592640
This article is part of the Research TopicNon invasive BCI for communicationView all 4 articles
Musical Auditory Feedback BCI: Clinical Pilot Study of the Encephalophone
Provisionally accepted
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
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Therapeutic strategies for patients with severe acquired motor disability are relatively limited and show variable efficacy. Innovative technologies such as brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have been developed recently that might benefit certain types of patients. Here, we tested a previously described auditory BCI, the Encephalophone, which may offer new options to improve quality of life and function. Eleven subjects with acquired moderate to severe motor disability, who had lost their ability to express themselves musically, were enrolled and 10 completed a clinical pilot study of the hands-free Encephalophone brain-computer interface (BCI). Subjects were briefly instructed on the use of the Encephalophone BCI, which uses EEG measured motor imagery to allow users to generate musical notes in real time without requiring movement. Subjects then underwent a pitch-matching task, a measure of accuracy, to attempt to match a given target pitch 3 times within 10 seconds. They were allowed free play, where they could improvise music over a backing track. After 2-3 songsapproximately 10 minutes -of freely improvised playing, subjects repeated the pitch-matching task. There were 3 sessions of testing and free play per subject, within 2 weeks, with at least one day separating sessions. All subjects, on average, improved their pitch-matching accuracy by 15.6 percentage points and increased their number of hits by 58.7% over the 3 sessions, with all subjects scoring accuracy percentages significantly above random probability (19.05%). A subjective self-reporting survey of ratings of such factors as a feeling of expressing oneself, enjoyment, discomfort, and feeling of control showed a generally favorable response. We suggest that this training approach using an auditory BCI may provide an innovative solution to challenges in recovery from motor disability.
Keywords: Brain Computer Interface ( BCI ), Music feedback system, motor disability, motor rehabilitation, Motor Imagery (MI)
Received: 12 Mar 2025; Accepted: 29 May 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Deuel, Wenlock, Mcgovern, Rosenthal and Pampin. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Thomas Andrew Deuel, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195-4550, Washington, United States
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