BRIEF RESEARCH REPORT article
Front. Hum. Neurosci.
Sec. Motor Neuroscience
Volume 19 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2025.1637164
This article is part of the Research TopicNeuromuscular and Kinematic Dynamics in Human Movement AdaptationView all 5 articles
Clinical Gait Evaluation with Neuromuscular Impairments for Spastic Cerebral Palsy
Provisionally accepted
- 1Stanford Medicine, Stanford, United States
- 2Stanford University, Stanford, United States
- 3Immed.AI, Budapest, Hungary
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Background: Gait abnormalities in spastic cerebral palsy (CP) result from four primary neuromuscular impairments: muscle weakness, short muscle-relative-to-skeletal-length, muscle spasticity, and impaired selective motor control. The Clinical Gait Evaluation with Neuromuscular Impairments (Clinical GENI) was developed to help clinicians identify gait abnormalities and contributing neuromuscular impairments in spastic CP for use in any clinical setting. Aims: This study evaluated use and validity of the observational-based Clinical GENI to identify gait abnormalities and contributing neuromuscular impairments in children with spastic CP. Methods: Patients with spastic CP seen in 2023 for instrumented gait analysis and physical exam of neuromuscular impairments were evaluated using the Clinical GENI. Validity was assessed by agreement between identification of gait abnormalities on the Clinical GENI compared to 3D gait kinematics. Severity of neuromuscular impairments associated with gait abnormalities listed on the Clinical GENI was compared, and severity of neuromuscular impairment was correlated with severity of gait abnormalities. Results: Participants included 12 children with spastic CP (4 GMFCS I, 8 GMFCS II; mean age 11.25 years). The most common gait abnormalities were forefoot/flatfoot initial contact(IC) (16/24), flexed-knee IC(19/24), hip-flexion in single limb stance(12/24), and reduced pre-swing ankle plantarflexion(19/24). Strong agreement(83-100%) occurred between gait abnormalities on the Clinical GENI and kinematic values. Severity of neuromuscular impairment was higher(p<0.05) for those with gait abnormalities versus without and correlated to severity of gait abnormalities in a majority of comparisons. Conclusion: Results support clinical utility and validity of the Clinical GENI for evaluating gait abnormalities and contributing neuromuscular impairments in spastic CP.
Keywords: Cerebral Palsy, gait analysis, neuromuscular impairments, Muscle Weakness, short muscle, impaired selective motor control, Spasticity
Received: 28 May 2025; Accepted: 11 Aug 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Clewes, Dong, Meyer, Lowe, Schadl and Rose. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Kylie Clewes, Stanford Medicine, Stanford, United States
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