Beyond Somatotype Categories: Composition-Based Clustering of Body Types in Young Adults

Francesco Campa^1*Jordan Moon¹Cristian Petri²Fabrizio Spataro³Giulia Baroncini⁴Eleonora Faraone⁵Leonardo Ortenzi³Tindaro Bongiovanni⁶Sofia Serafini⁷Pascal Izzicupo⁷

• ¹University of Padua, Padua, Italy
• ²Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
• ³Universita degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
• ⁴AC Milan, Gallarate, Italy
• ⁵Universita Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
• ⁶Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
• ⁷Universita degli Studi Gabriele d'Annunzio Chieti Pescara, Chieti, Italy

Background and aims: Somatotype analysis classifies individuals into 13 categories based on unique combinations of the three principal components: endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy. This study aimed to examine sex-related differences and intra-category variability within somatotype classifications, and to characterize body composition patterns in the general population. Methods: Anthropometric data were collected from 185 males and 156 females aged 18–40 years to estimate somatotype, fat mass index (FMI), and skeletal muscle index (SMI). Sex differences were evaluated with Hotelling's T² and chi-square tests, while within-category morphological dispersion was quantified as Euclidean distances from centroids. K-means clustering on FMI and SMI identified Low, Medium, and High groups, and somatotype distributions across clusters were compared using chi-square and binomial tests. Results: Men exhibited an Endomorphic-Mesomorph somatotype, whereas women displayed an Mesomorph-Endomorph profile. Hotelling's T² test confirmed significant sex differences in somatotype centroids (p<0.001), and chi-square analyses showed strong associations between sex and somatotype categories (p<0.001). Within-category morphological dispersion was significant in most groups, with males showing greater overall variability than females (p=0.004). K-means clustering of FMI and SMI identified Low, Medium, and High groups, with somatotype distributions differing significantly across clusters (p<0.001); a clear predominance of a single somatotype category was observed in the Medium FMI cluster of males (Endomorphic-Mesomorph, 76.8%, p<0.001) and in the High SMI cluster of males (Endomorphic-Mesomorph, 67.5%, p=0.019). Conclusions: These findings highlight pronounced sex-related differences, considerable intra-category variability, and distinct body composition patterns across somatotypes in the general population. Notably, although individuals classified within the same somatotype can still present heterogeneous body shapes, the Endomorphic–Mesomorph profile distinctly characterizes males with moderate fat mass and higher muscle mass.