Akio Adachi1*†
Yuma Inamoto2†
Khanh Quoc Tran1
Bao Quoc Le1
Naoya Doi1
Takaaki Koma1,3*
Masako Nomaguchi1,3*- 1Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
- 2Transdisciplinary Program for Medicine, Photonics, and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
- 3Division of Interdisciplinary Researches for Medicine and Photonics, Institute of Post-LED Photonics, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
Introduction: experimental virology
We outline here our studies on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) as typical examples of experimental virology. Our research team has been extensively challenging the fundamental issues of HIV-1/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) over years. The team originated from Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology at National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in USA (LMM at NIAID), via Institute for Virus Research (currently, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences) at Kyoto University and has now belonged to Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine at Tokushima University in Japan. Although its members have vastly changed, our main research aim is always to understand the biology and molecular biology of HIV-1 based on molecular genetic methods. As two major achievements in the early phase of our studies, we successfully generated a full-length infectious molecular clone with a complete set of nine intact genes designated pNL4-3 (1, 2) and a viable chimeric molecular clone (SHIV) between a simian immunodeficiency virus from a macaque (SIVmac) and HIV-1 that is infectious for primary macaque cells and macaque individuals (3–5). The two results were ground-breaking and the first in the HIV-1/AIDS research area in the world. From later on, these two accomplishments have become firm foundations for various basic and clinical studies on HIV-1/AIDS (6–9). Our next studies in Kyoto University and Tokushima University could be broadly divided into four categories as shown below. We show them here by citing our published articles chronologically. The research papers closely related to our major scientific concerns include: i) functional analyses on lentiviral accessory proteins (Vif, Vpr, Vpx, Vpu, and Nef) (10–43); ii) functional studies on Gag and Env proteins (44–64); iii) generation and characterization of macaque-tropic HIV-1s (8, 9, 65–73); iv) in vitro experimental studies on viral mutations with virological significance (74–81). In the end of the first part of this article, we wish to emphasize one point as follows. We have cited numerous papers by our group here just to clearly show that we are standard virologists working on virologically important projects with a consistently inductive empirical style for a long time. Evidently, our research strategy has been hypothesis-driven (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Hypothesis-driven experimental virology and data-driven hypothesis-explorative virology. The essence of traditional orthodox virology and present-day data-driven virology is schematically shown. Remarkably different theme-settings of the two study types are emphasized. Note that all the results obtained need to be finally authenticated by experiments or equivalents. Also, pay attention to the feedback process to reinforce the big-data framework (yellow arrow).
In recent years, we have been quite focused on HIV-1 adaptation/evolution research and its related investigations (74–81). The basis for this mindset/approach toward virus research could be our keen scientific interest in viral fundamental property and our sense of mission against pathogenic viruses. Viruses will mutate and diverge to survive their hostile fluxing environments. Naturally, we virologists wish to understand biological and molecular bases for virus changeability as viral foundational characteristics to cope with the virus concerned. Ideally, we can predict how viruses change well in advance before they alter. This is a very critical issue especially in the case of viruses that are pathogenic and highly transmissible among human/animal populations. So far, unfortunately, we can just recognize virus mutations/variations in hindsight.
It may be needless to mention here, the typical approaches used in authentic molecular virology, i.e., building themes/goals individually depending on experimental observations/data and/or published scientific results etc. (Figure 1) will stay highly valid, always being essential not only for modern virology but also for science in general. It is critically important for science in every field to demonstrate, prove, or substantiate all the hypotheses presented. The only drawback there, therefore, is its low-throughput nature. Since a topic/theme in experimental virology is based on the theory/experience of the researcher involved (Figure 1), it is quite likely to be unremarkable, not to be so ingenious. Also, brainstorming the relevant projects is quite limited by the knowledge base of the research team. We today’s virologists have to address or overcome this rather technical issue (but may presently represent an essential matter) to further empower the science and scientific activity of contemporary virology.
Data-driven hypothesis explorative investigation
As emphasized in our previous short articles (82, 83), it is vital for current virology to perform high-throughput, data-driven studies (Figure 1) in order to effectively tackle a wide variety of research themes on virtually all species-derived viruses (84). Completely different from traditional authentic virus studies the way to investigate, data-oriented virological studies are data first (the sheer scale of a variety of data) and set themes/projects that transcend human intelligence (Figure 1). Therefore, the projects presented could be exquisitely unique and could go beyond boundaries. The main issue in those studies probably is how to collect and use the big data, and the data sets (various databases) themselves. For this reason, in the data-driven studies, characteristically analytical and large-throughput methods such as the next generation sequencing, CRISPR-based technologies, single-molecule imaging, spatial biology techniques, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and also various algorithms, inevitably have been utilized. Although we have lately incorporated some notion and methodologies of the computational science into our own studies (55, 59–61, 71, 72, 78, 79), we have not yet done the data science investigation in a proper sense. In the past decade, however, the concept that the data science is crucial for virus research appears to have been widely and deeply accepted in the virology research community and numbers of relevant papers (below, quoted with a particular attention to the articles published in 2025) have been published (85–122) (Editorial articles in Science (https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aee5227) and Nat Rev Microbiol. (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-025-01263-x)). Thus, it might not be necessary for us to further highlight this issue here. Nevertheless, as a research group that is deeply ingrained with the importance of virological relevance and significance through a wide variety of experimental studies as stated above, we believe it is worth describing how crucial for today’s virology the hypothesis-explorative data-oriented investigations are. Innovation of classical virology is urgently required in the era of global infectious diseases.
It is essential for the data-oriented virology to specify and refine key data sources (the target data sets/databases) as described above. In a sense, HIV-1/AIDS is the ultimate object of this kind of study. HIV-1 is highly mutable/adaptable not only in infected cells but also in infected human individuals, quite efficiently escaping from human immunity/anti-HIV-1 drugs. So far, unfortunately, the mutations are unpredictable like the cases of other viruses with a highly mutable nature. HIV-1 finally persists in infected humans in an ineradicable manner. The molecular base(s) for this fundamental property of HIV-1 is not yet fully elucidated. It is a pressing practical issue to remove the persistent HIV-1 proviruses within infected humans. As for the AIDS/AIDS-related diseases, numerous factors are believed to be associated with them, whereas definite answers are not yet obtained. Many researchers are actually struggling to solve how HIV-1 behaves in individuals and causes the diseases. In this regard, excellent databases (sequence, structure of viral RNAs/proteins, immunology, cohort, omics and so on) relevant to these issues are available for HIV-1. In addition, plenty of experimental systems have been developed and available. Therefore, some specific experts can readily design data-oriented studies on HIV-1. In fact, a number of related articles have already been published (123–128).
Of course, in reality, many challenges will lie ahead of us. Traditional authentic virologists are apt to be unfamiliar with how to handle huge amounts of data accumulated, whereas data scientists might not be so conscientious about the virological significance of new experimental results obtained from data-driven studies. Thus, it is desirable that researchers on both sides collaborate to yield outstanding results with strong biological relevance. If not, each study group that aims to perform empirical verifications of the data-oriented hypotheses may need to have an expert(s) strong in both research styles within the team. It appears that such human resources are not so common yet in the research field of virology. Skilled experienced researchers who are proficient in data-driven virology as well as experimental virology are definitely required. It may be necessary to actively nurture such experts in an organized systemic way in the field of virology. We may need to incorporate a new “strategic virology” course into the education system at various steps (university, graduate school, and postdoctoral programs). Cultivating next-generation talents represents an urgent issue for us virologists.
Discussion/conclusion
Our conclusion here is quite straightforward and clear-cut, and can be summarized only in one sentence: we virologists need to find or identify research topics (themes) not only by orthodox empirical strategy but also by high throughput data-oriented tactic (Figure 1). We virologists thus can proceed and develop virology truly beneficial to humanity and surrounding environments. It is easier said than done and should be really challenging, though, if we virologists consider the current status of the academic communities and surrounding circumstances. Unfortunately, except for some special experts, data scientists are not familiar with the analytical virus research and we typical virologists are unfamiliar with the data science. Also, the research environment appears to be insufficient for most areas/countries. Therefore, researchers of various expertise have to work in a very close and tight partnership. Meticulous and multifaceted efforts are needed to achieve significant and valuable results in both basic and applied research fields of virology.
Author contributions
AA: Writing – original draft, Supervision, Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing. YI: Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing. KT: Writing – review & editing. BL: Writing – review & editing. ND: Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing. TK: Visualization, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing. MN: Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing, Conceptualization.
Funding
The author(s) declared that financial support was received for this work and/or its publication. This work was funded by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) (grant 24K1165500 to ND, grant 25K1175800 to TK, and grants 24K0249300 and 25K2263400 to MN).
Acknowledgments
We thank Kazuko Yoshida for editorial and administrative work.
Conflict of interest
The author(s) declared that this work was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.
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Keywords: data-driven virology, empirical verification, experimental virology, hypothesis exploration, viral mutation/evolution
Citation: Adachi A, Inamoto Y, Tran KQ, Le BQ, Doi N, Koma T and Nomaguchi M (2026) Innovating virology: from empirical verification to hypothesis exploration. Front. Virol. 6:1785598. doi: 10.3389/fviro.2026.1785598
Received: 12 January 2026; Accepted: 26 January 2026; Revised: 26 January 2026;
Published: 12 February 2026.
Edited by:
Samuel Ken-En Gan, Kean University-Wenzhou, ChinaReviewed by:
Guenther Witzany, Independent Researcher, Buermoos, AustriaCopyright © 2026 Adachi, Inamoto, Tran, Le, Doi, Koma and Nomaguchi. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Akio Adachi, YWRhY2hpQHRva3VzaGltYS11LmFjLmpw; Takaaki Koma, dGtvbWFAdG9rdXNoaW1hLXUuYWMuanA=; Masako Nomaguchi, bm9tYWd1Y2hpQHRva3VzaGltYS11LmFjLmpw
†These authors have contributed equally to this work