Establishment of the World Health Organization First International Standard for Factor XII, Plasma, Human

Introduction

Factor XII (FXII) is an important coagulation factor in vitro because contact activation of FXII is required for the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) assay, a widely used diagnostic test. Historically, the role of FXII in vivo was considered less important, since FXII patients do not suffer from abnormal bleeding and, similarly, FXII-deficient mice are healthy and free from bleeding disorders (1). It was later discovered that FXII-deficient mice had defective thrombus formation (2), suggesting that FXII may have a role in thrombosis. Since then, other substances such as platelet polyphosphates (3) and neutrophil extracellular traps (4) have been shown to be in vivo activators of FXII. FXII has also been linked with inflammatory responses such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (5), anaphylaxis, and hereditary angioedema (6). With the knowledge that the depletion of FXII does not affect normal hemostasis, this presents opportunities for therapies targeting FXII to be designed. Various therapies are in development (7, 8), and these new technologies require supporting assays for FXII, for which there is currently no International Standard (IS). A plasma IS for FXII functional activity (FXII:C) and antigen (FXII:Ag) would support the development of such assay methods and clinical monitoring of patients.

The processing conditions required to make a standard for FXII are the same as those required for a FXI standard, since both are contact activation factors and exposure to glass or cold results in the activation to FXIIa and FXIa, respectively. The first IS for FXI has just been replaced by the second IS due to stock depletion (9), so this presented an ideal opportunity to use the same processed material to generate the first IS for FXII. This study presents the results of the collaborative study conducted to assign the material with values for functional activity (FXII:C) and antigen (FXII:Ag).

Materials and Methods

Candidate World Health Organization (WHO) First IS for FXII, Plasma [National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC) Code 15/180]

The candidate material (15/180) is the same as used for the second IS for FXI, Plasma, details of which have been published elsewhere (9). Briefly, plasma that had been prepared by the centrifugation of whole blood collected into CPD (citrate-phosphate-dextrose) adenine anticoagulant was purchased from the UK Blood Service. The plasma had been subjected to a second centrifugation step to remove cellular material and rapidly frozen at −70°C. The individual donations all tested negative for HBsAg, anti-HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies, and anti-HCV. Immediately prior to filling, the plasma was thawed at 37°C and pooled. A concentration of 40 mM HEPES and 1% w/v glycine was used for the final formulation to improve stability (10). Care was taken to avoid the activation of FXII by cold activation or contact with glass, and the preparation was filled into siliconized glass ampoules and freeze-dried in accordance with recommendations for the preparation of international standards (11). The product had the following physical characteristics: a mean fill mass of 1.0094 g (cv = 0.3%); a mean dry weight of 0.0928 g (cv = 0.2%); a mean residual moisture of 0.605% (cv = 13.7%); and a mean oxygen head space of 0.23% (cv = 31.4%). A total of 6,000 ampoules of 15/180 were produced. The activation status of candidate 15/180 with regard to the presence of FXIIa was assessed. Using the non-activated partial thromboplastin time (NAPTT) (carried out as described (12) except that FXII-deficient plasma was used), it was found that 15/180 did not shorten NAPTT of FXII-deficient plasma. In addition, results from FXIIa (pre-kallikrein activator) assays (13) indicated undetectable levels of FXIIa. While these test data do not preclude the presence of FXIIa in 15/180, the level present would be unlikely to affect potency estimates of FXII. The long-term stability of 15/180 has been assured by accelerated degradation studies where ampoules of product stored at elevated temperatures are assayed relative to ampoules stored at ultra-low temperature (−150°C). The predicted loss of FXII:C and FXII:Ag per year when the ampoules are kept at a storage temperature of −20°C was 0.0 and 0.024%, respectively.

Samples in the Study

The candidate material (NIBSC code 15/180) was provided to the participants as coded duplicate samples, A and B. New coagulation factor standards are assigned relative to normal plasma pools, assuming that 1 ml of plasma contains 1 unit of activity or antigen. Therefore, participants were also asked to collect fresh local normal plasma pools for use both fresh (coded P1) and subsequently frozen (coded P2) in the study, for use as the standard. NIBSC in-house studies on both FXII functional activity and FXII antigen have shown that using fresh plasma, compared to the same pool of plasma after freezing, does not produce significantly different results. Therefore, for the participants unable to collect fresh plasma pools, frozen plasma pools could be used as an alternative. Overall, the pools used to assign the functional activity contained plasma from 566 donors, and the pools used for the antigen assignment comprised 216 donors.

Collaborative Study

There were 20 laboratories from 10 countries (Austria, Canada, Croatia, Denmark, France, Germany, Netherlands, Spain, United Kingdom, and USA) that took part in the FXII:C assignment. Of these, there were seven clinical laboratories, four therapeutics producers, six diagnostics manufacturers, two regulatory laboratories, and one research laboratory. Eight laboratories took part in the FXII:Ag assignment. These laboratories were from Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, United Kingdom, and USA, comprising one clinical laboratory, one diagnostics manufacturer, four therapeutics producers, and two regulatory laboratories.

Participants were asked to assay coded duplicates A and B against local normal plasma pools and FXII:C and/or FXII:Ag using their usual in-house methods. Laboratories were provided with a protocol for the collection of plasma pools and a separate protocol giving guidance for the randomization of samples and for sufficient replication to enable statistical analysis. Four independent assays were requested for each analyte. FXII is part of the intrinsic pathway and is measured using the APTT assay. APTT reagents contain phospholipid and an activator(s) of the contact pathway (such as ellagic acid). When used with FXII-deficient plasma, the clotting time upon the addition of calcium can be used to calculate the FXII present in a given sample, relative to a standard. All participants in the FXII:C study used one-stage clotting assays with an APTT reagent. Thirteen different APTT reagents were used across different instruments and sources of deficient plasma. The sources of APTT reagent (together with the activator and the range of activation times used) and deficient plasmas used are listed in Tables 1 and 2. Table 3 lists the type of plasma pools used in the functional and antigen assays. For the antigen assays, three different commercial kits or paired antibody sets were used, plus one in-house method (14) (Table 4).

TABLE 1

Table 1. Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) reagents used by the participants for FXII:C assays.

TABLE 2

Table 2. Sources of deficient plasma used by the participants for FXII:C assays.

TABLE 3

Table 3. Type of plasma pool used by participants for FXII functional and FXII antigen assays.

TABLE 4

Table 4. List of antigen kit/paired antibodies used by the participants for FXII:Ag assays.

Raw data from the participants were returned to NIBSC for parallel line analysis (15) with CombiStats software (CombiStats™, Version 5.0, Council of Europe). A log₁₀ transformation of the assay response was used for the FXII antigen assays and for the FXII functional assays; data from nine laboratories were transformed, with the rest not requiring transformation. The mean potencies were calculated as unweighted geometric means (GMs), and the variability between assays and laboratories is shown as the geometric coefficients of variation [GCV = (10^s − 1) × 100%, where s is the SD of the log₁₀ transformed potency estimates]. In order to detect any significant outliers, the log₁₀-transformed laboratory mean estimates were subjected to Grubbs’ test (16). Appropriate t-tests of log₁₀-transformed laboratory mean estimates were used for comparisons between methods. Where a laboratory performed more than one set of assays (e.g., using a different APTT reagent or instrument), these data were treated independently (designated a, b, etc.).

This study was carried out alongside the study on the second IS for FXI, Plasma (9), and the participants’ laboratory number was assigned arbitrarily across the two studies.

Results and Discussion

FXII Functional Assays

Participants were requested to prepare two plasma pools (P1 and P2) for use as fresh in two assays and as freeze-thawed pools in a further two assays. Participants who were unable to collect fresh plasma pools were asked to use two different batches of local frozen plasma pools. Results for samples A and B, the coded duplicates, were analyzed relative to P, assuming 1 unit of FXII:C content per 1 ml of plasma pool. The GM for sample A vs P was 0.86 units per ampoule, with 95% confidence limits of 0.83–0.89. The result for sample B was 0.85 units per ampoule, with 95% confidence limits of 0.82–0.89. The intra-laboratory variation ranged from 1.7 to 20.0% for sample A and 1.9 to 19.0% for sample B, with the majority being less than 10%. Overall, the inter-laboratory GCV was 10% for each analyte. This variation is to be expected given the different plasma pools used by each laboratory. The results for A and B showed no significant difference, so the results were combined to give overall results for AB per laboratory (Table 5). The laboratory GM had a close distribution, as demonstrated in Figure 1, and showed that there was good agreement between the laboratories. The overall GM for AB vs P was 0.86 u/ampoule with an inter-laboratory GCV of 10.0%. Statistical outliers were not detected. Assays performed using fresh plasma pools were compared to those using frozen plasma pools, and there was no significant difference observed (p = 0.859). Of the different APTT reagents used, there was no detectable method bias.

TABLE 5

Table 5. Factor XII:C, the geometric mean (GM) for each laboratory for samples A and B (coded duplicates), combined and analyzed relative to sample P, each laboratory’s local plasma pool.

FIGURE 1

Figure 1. Histogram showing each laboratory’s geometric mean (GM) for FXII:C of samples A and B combined, relative to sample P, the laboratory’s local plasma pool. The overall GM was 0.86 IU/ampoule with a GCV of 10.0%.

FXII Antigen Assays

As previously, participants were requested to collect two different plasma pools to use as the standard in the assays. Results were analyzed, assuming the FXII:Ag content of 1 ml of plasma to be 1 unit. The overall GM for A against P was 0.80 u/ampoule (95% confidence limits of 0.74–0.86), compared to 0.81 u/ampoule (95% confidence limits of 0.75–0.87) for B against P. The inter-laboratory variation was 10.0 and 11.0% for A and B, respectively, showing acceptable agreement between laboratories. The results for A and B, which showed no significant differences, were combined to give a result for AB overall per laboratory (Table 6). The inter-laboratory variation was 11%, an acceptable value given the inherent variability between plasma pools. No statistical outliers were detected. Figure 2 shows each laboratory’s individual assay result, and the laboratory GMs are shown in Figure 3.

TABLE 6

Table 6. Factor XII:Ag, the geometric mean (GM) for each laboratory for samples A and B (coded duplicates), combined and analyzed relative to sample P, each laboratory’s local plasma pool.

FIGURE 2

Figure 2. Histogram showing each laboratory’s individual assay result for FXII:Ag of samples A and B combined, relative to sample P, the laboratory’s local plasma pool. The type of pool used in each assay (fresh, frozen, or lyophilized) is also shown. The overall geometric mean was 0.80 u/ampoule with a GCV of 11.0%.

FIGURE 3

Figure 3. Histogram showing each laboratory’s geometric mean for FXII:Ag samples A and B combined, relative to the laboratory’s local plasma pool (sample P).

There were not enough laboratories using fresh plasma pools to allow statistical analysis of fresh vs frozen plasma pools; however, Figure 2 shows that the results from the assays performed using fresh plasma pools (assays 1 and 3 from laboratories 24 and 28) fall in the middle of the range of results overall, suggesting that the variability of the values obtained would mostly be due to the source of the plasma pools rather than degradation due to freeze-thawing.

It is important to note that the units for activity and antigen are independent of one another and were value-assigned relative to different plasma pools. The data from the study support the value assignment of 0.86 units per ampoule for FXII:C and 0.80 units per ampoule for FXII:Ag.

Conclusion

The results of this study were presented to the participants and experts nominated by the Scientific and Standardization Committee (SSC) of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH). Both recommended that the candidate 15/180 (the second IS for FXI, Plasma) be used as an IS for FXII:C and FXII:Ag. In October 2017, the WHO ECBS established 15/180 as the first IS for FXII: plasma, human, with assigned values of 0.86 international unit (IU)/amp for FXII functional activity (FXII:C) and 0.80 IU/amp for FXII antigen (FXII:Ag).

Author Contributions

HW, JH, PR, and EG designed the study. HW and EG organized the study and wrote the manuscript. JH and PR analyzed the data.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the “Factor XI and the contact system” subcommittee of the SSC of the ISTH and all the participants of the study (Renata Zadro, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Croatia; Johannes Sidelmann, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark; Caroline Lawrence and Grainne Hickman, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Sophie Desseauve and Jean Amiral, Hyphen Biomed, Neuville Sur Oise, France; Chris Gardiner and Ian Mackie, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Regina Gebauer and Michael Timme, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Products GmbH, Marburg, Germany; Anne Riddell, Royal Free London NHS Hospital Trust, London, United Kingdom; Frédéric Dhainaut, LFB, Cedex, France; Aurelie Hazotte, LFB, Cedex, France; Roger Luddington, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Steffen Kistner, Jens Daufenbach and Karin Fuchs, Biotest AG, Dreieich, Germany; Mariona Bono and Begona Alonso, Diagnostic Grifols SA, Barcelona, Spain; Katherine Tull, Peter Vandeberg, Maria Cruz, Catherine Russ, Grifols Inc., NC, USA; Denise Foulon, Affinity Biologicals, ON, Canada; Colin Downey, Royal Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Annette Feussner, CSL Behring GmbH, Marburg, Germany; Carel Eckmann and Jeanette Rentenaar, Sanquin Blood Supply, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Kathleen Trumbull, Instrumentation Laboratory, MA, USA; Annette Bowyer, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Nikolaus Binder, Technoclone GmbH, Vienna, Austria; Stella Williams, NIBSC, United Kingdom; Mikhail Ovanesov, Yideng Liang, Tseday Tegegn, and Ravi Rasmi Jasti, FDA/CBER, MD, USA; Claire Martin, Anne Lochu, Jerome Beltran, Marc Grimaux, and Francois Nicham, Stago, Gennevilliers, France).

References

1. Pauer H, Renné T, Hemmerlein B, Legler T, Fritzlar S, Adham I, et al. Targeted deletion of murine coagulation factor XII gene—a model for contact phase activation in vivo. Thromb Haemost (2004) 92:503–8. doi:10.1160/TH04-04-0250

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

2. Renné T, Pozgajová M, Grüner S, Schuh K, Pauer H, Burfiend P, et al. Defective thrombus formation in mice lacking coagulation factor XII. J Exp Med (2005) 202:271–81. doi:10.1084/jem.20050664

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

3. Renné T, Schmaier AH, Nickel KF, Blomback M, Maas C. In vivo roles of factor XII. Blood (2012) 120:4296–303. doi:10.1182/blood-2012-07-292094

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

4. Gould TJ, Vu TT, Swystun LL, Dwivedi DJ, Mai SHC, Weitz JI, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps promote thrombin generation through platelet-dependent and platelet-independent mechanisms. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol (2014) 34:1977–84. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.304114

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

5. Hess R, Wujak L, Hesse C, Sewald K, Jonigk D, Warnecke G, et al. Coagulation factor XII-regulated inflammatory responses in human lungs. Thomb Haemost (2017) 117:1896–907. doi:10.1160/TH16-12-0904

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

6. Bender L, Weidmann H, Rose-John S, Renné T, Long AT. Factor XII-driven inflammatory reactions with implications for anaphylaxis. Front Immunol (2017) 8:1115. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01115

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

7. Gailani D, Bane CE, Gruber A. Factor XI and contact activation as targets for antithrombotic therapy. J Thromb Haemost (2015) 13:1383–95. doi:10.1111/jth.13005

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

8. Danese E, Montagnana M, Lippi G. Factor XII in haemostasis and thrombosis: active player or (innocent) bystander? Semin Thromb Hemost (2016) 42:682–8. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1571338

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

9. Wilmot H, Hockley J, Rigsby P, Gray E. Establishment of the World Health Organization 2^nd International Standard for Factor XI, Plasma, Human. Front Med (2017) 4:28. doi:10.3389/fmed.2017.00028

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

10. Hubbard A, Bevan S, Matejtschuk P. Impact of residual moisture ad formulation on factor VIII and factor V recovery in lyophilised plasma reference materials. Anal Bioanal Chem (2007) 387:2503–7. doi:10.1007/s00216-006-0855-x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

11. Campbell PJ. Procedures used for the production of biological standards and reference preparations. J Biol Stand (1974) 2:259–67. doi:10.1016/0092-1157(74)90034-1

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

12. Activated coagulation factors. Eur Pharm (2016) monograph 01/2008:20622. Available fron: http://online.pheur.org/EN/entry.htm

Google Scholar

13. Prekallikrein activator. Eur Pharm (2017) monograph 04/2016:20615. Available from: http://online.pheur.org/EN/entry.htm

Google Scholar

14. Madsen DE, Sidelmann JJ, Overgaard K, Koch C, Gram JB. ELISA for determination of total coagulation factor XII concentration in human plasma. J Immunol Methods (2013) 394:32–9. doi:10.1016/j.jim.2013.04.012

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

15. Finney DJ. Statistical Methods in Biological Assay. 3rd ed. London: Charles Griffin (1978).

Google Scholar

16. Grubbs F. Procedures for detecting outlying observations in samples. Technometrics (1969) 11:1–21. doi:10.1080/00401706.1969.10490657

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar