Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy for the Treatment of Essential Tremor: A 2-Year Outcome Study of Chinese People

Introduction

Essential tremor (ET) is a common movement disorder worldwide, and it affects about 1% of the overall population and 4–5% of elderly individuals (≥65 years old) (Louis and Ferreira, 2010). In a survey conducted in Beijing, the prevalence of ET among people aged ≥55 years is 3.29% (Sun et al., 2020). The condition is characterized by stereotypic tremors at a frequency of 8–12 Hz, and tremors can severely affect daily living. Further, it is occasionally associated with a high risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia (Louis et al., 2019). Although medical treatment is initially effective, tremors are rarely suppressed with time (Findley et al., 1985; Koller and Vetere-Overfield, 1989; Diaz and Louis, 2010).

Traditionally, the choice of treatment other than drugs includes either thalamotomy, which involves ablation of the ventral intermediate nucleus (VIM) of the thalamus, or thalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS). The latter is an invasive procedure, which includes the insertion of a device inside the brain. Although it has been the standard treatment for medically intractable ET due to its safety and efficacy for long-term tremor control, adverse effects such as hemorrhage, infection, and hardware-related failures are not unusual (Blomstedt and Hariz, 2005; Engel et al., 2018). Further, DBS requires repetitive sittings with increasing expenditures.

For over 50 years, ablative treatment has evolved from invasive radiofrequency to noninvasive gamma knife radiation to magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS). In 2016, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) had approved MRgFUS for the treatment of ET (Ito et al., 2020). Taking into consideration the safety of the noninvasive and radiation-free procedure, it is preferred over other ablative methods for patients with medically refractory ET (Health Quality Ontario, 2018).

However, the efficacy and adverse events (AEs) of MRgFUS among Chinese people have not yet been evaluated extensively. The clinical characteristics of ET might differ between Asians and Caucasians. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the outcome of MRgFUS thalamotomy among Taiwanese patients with refractory ET.

Methods

Patients

This retrospective study included patients with ET treated with focused ultrasound thalamotomy at an MRgFUS Center in Taiwan from 2017 to 2019. The procedure was performed by an experienced team. Patients with a neurodegenerative disorder such as Parkinson's disease (PD), cognitive impairment (Mini-Mental State Examination score of < 24), coagulopathy, and severe depression and those who were not followed up were excluded (Elias et al., 2016). Only patients with ET who underwent unilateral MRgFUS VIM thalamotomy with a follow-up duration of at least 6 months were included in the study. All patients underwent a preoperative brain CT scan, and data on cranial parameters including skull thickness, skull density ratio (SDR), and skull area were obtained. SDR was calculated by obtaining the average ratio of the cancellous to the cortical bone within the skull via a CT scan. Patients with an SDR of ≥0.3 were considered for MRgFUS treatment (Wintermark et al., 2014). The study was approved by the institutional review board of Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Taiwan (IRB approval no.: 1090908).

Magnetic Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound

Patients were treated with unilateral VIM thalamotomy with transcranial, noninvasive MRgFUS without general anesthesia. The head of the patient was shaved before treatment, and the scalp was examined for any scars or lesions that might interfere with ultrasound transcranial transmission. The MRI unit General Electric (Chicago, IL) 1.5T Optima MR450W was prepared. The stereotactic frame with a spherical coil and a water-cooling elastic diaphragm was placed over the head of the patient. The setup was connected to the ultrasound transducer (Exablate Neuro, InSightec, Tirat Carmel, Israel) coupled with a software unit.

The treatment targeted the VIM of the thalamus contralateral to the dominant side. VIM was localized from a functional viewpoint, and indirect targeting was performed based on data from stereotactic brain atlases and the previous experience of neurosurgeons (Figure 1) (Sharifi et al., 2014). The presumptive site of the VIM was localized at 14 mm from the midline or 11 mm from the lateral wall of the third ventricle and 1/3 from the posterior commissure (PC) on the intercommissural line or 7 mm anterior to the PC on MRI (Elias et al., 2013; Lipsman et al., 2013; Chang et al., 2015).

FIGURE 1

Figure 1. Networks correlated with essential tremor (ET). VIM: ventral intermediate nucleus.

Patients underwent serial sonications for thalamic lesioning, starting with short and low energy, which produced focal heating of up to 44°C and progressed incrementally, thereby generating increasingly larger concentric lesions. The ultrasound energy was transmitted via 1,024 transducer elements, and it focused on the thalamus, creating the ablation at the focus by heating, which is tracked using MRI thermometry (Elias et al., 2013, 2016; Lipsman et al., 2013; Chang et al., 2015). The size and location of the lesion and clinical effects were continuously monitored. In particular, changes in tremors were closely monitored in the treated arm by asking patients for the presence of any AEs during treatment. Lesions progressively enlarged by increasing the temperature or duration of sonication until either tremor suppression is achieved or AEs are encountered. MRI was performed before treatment, immediately after the procedure, 1 day after the procedure, and 6 months after the procedure (Figure 2).

FIGURE 2

Figure 2. Lesion location on T2-weighted images before and after MRgFUS thalamotomy in one patient. (A) Pre-intervention. (B) Day 1. The target lesion was in the left VIM of the thalamus (red circle). (C) Six months. MRgFUS: magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound. VIM: ventral intermediate nucleus.

Outcome Parameters

The Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor (CRST) is the standard assessment test for tremors in ET, and the CRST score was the primary outcome in this study. CRST has three parts (A, B, and C). Part A rates resting, postural, and action tremors for location and severity of tremors; part B rates hardwiring, drawing, and pouring of specific motor tasks; and part C rates speaking, eating, drinking, hygiene, dressing, writing, working, and social activities for functional disabilities. The score of each item ranges from 0 to 4 (total: 148), and a higher score indicates greater disease severity (Stacy et al., 2007). The dominant tremor score (maximum of 32) was defined as the sum of tremors in parts A and B for the treated hand. All patients were assessed using CRST by the same neurologists before treatment and were followed up after 1 week; 1, 3, and 6 months; and 1 and 2 years.

The incidence rate of AEs was considered the secondary outcome. AEs were classified as frame-, sonication-, and thalamotomy-related AEs for analysis purposes. Frame-related AEs included ptosis, pin-site bleeding, edema, and pain. Sonication-related AEs included vertigo or dizziness, headache, and nausea. Thalamotomy-related AEs included sensory-related events (numbness or paresthesia of various parts of body and taste disturbance), strength-related events (weakness of extremities), balance-related problems (dysmetria), and ataxia. Dysarthria and dysphagia were thalamotomy-related AEs (Elias et al., 2016). The AEs were recorded and followed up during the treatment day and after 1 day, 1 week, 3 and 6 months, and 1 and 2 years.

Statistical Analysis

The total CRST scores and sub-scores during each follow-up were compared with the baseline scores using one-way repeated measures ANOVA with the least significant difference post-hoc analysis.

The relationships between skull factors and treatment parameters were evaluated via Pearson's correlation analysis and using the chi-square test. The skull factors included SDR, average skull thickness, skull volume, and skull area. Meanwhile, the treatment parameters included a total number of active elements (out of 1,024) in the spherical transducer, total energy transmitted, the maximum temperature reached upon completion of the procedure (Tmax), and sonication number and duration.

A p-value of<0.05 was considered statistically significant, and all analyses were conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 24.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, the USA).

Results

Participants

In total, 48 patients, with a mean age of 59.2 ± 13.5 years and a mean duration of disease of 19.2 ± 13.6 years, were included in the analysis. Approximately 64.6% of patients were men, and 43.8% had a family history of ET. The dominant treated side was in the left (85.4%), and the mean SDR was 0.5 ± 0.1 (Table 1). The maximum, minimum, and median values of SDR were 0.7, 0.3, and 0.45. Twenty patients (25%) had SDRs of 0.40 or less.

TABLE 1

Table 1. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics.

Tremor

The total CRST score at baseline (parts A, B, and C) was 45.6 ± 15.4, and it reduced to 36.4 ± 17.6, 30.6 ± 17.1, 29.4 ± 15.1, 30.3 ± 15.7, 30.5 ± 14.4, and 31.9 ± 15.8 after 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years, respectively (p < 0.001). The baseline dominant tremor score was 14.7 ± 4.9, and it reduced to 9.8 ± 7.3, 8.6 ± 6.2, 6.2 ± 5.0, 6.6 ± 5.3, 7.0 ± 5.5, and 7.4 ± 5.8 after 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years, respectively (p < 0.001). The total disability score (part C) significantly improved from 13.4 ± 4.6 to 10.2 ± 5.9, 8.0 ± 5.6, 7.6 ± 4.8, 7.8 ± 5.0, 7.6 ± 4.6, and 8.3 ± 5.4 after 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years, respectively (p < 0.001). Furthermore, parts A and B were decreased at any posttreatment stage (p < 0.001, Table 2). The trends in the total CRST scores and sub-scores during follow-up are shown in Figure 3.

TABLE 2

Table 2. Total CRST scores and sub-scores during each follow-up (N = 48).

FIGURE 3

Figure 3. The trend in sub-scores during the 2-year follow-up. CRST: Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor. Error bars were plotted with SE.

Adverse Events

Frame-related events were not observed after 1 month. Sonication-related AEs were predominant on the day of treatment. However, they were transient and subsided after 1 week in all patients. Ataxia was the major thalamotomy-related AE. The incidence rates were 83.3, 41.7, 10.4, 6.3, and 4.2% after 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months, respectively. Complete disappearance was observed after the 6-month follow-up. Approximately 8% of patients complained of sensory-related AEs, including numbness of the tongue and/or fingertip, which persisted during the 2-year follow-up. However, worsening or new AEs were not observed during the 2-year follow-up (Table 3).

TABLE 3

Table 3. Adverse events after MRgFUS thalamotomy (N = 48).

Discussion

Pharmacological agents such as propranolol and primidone are the primary choice of most physicians as they are recommended by the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) (Zesiewicz et al., 2011). However, even if these agents do not cause AEs, the efficacy rate is only 50–70% (Haubenberger and Hallett, 2018). Recent studies have shown that propranolol may be associated with an increased risk of PD (Mittal et al., 2017; Gronich et al., 2018; Hopfner et al., 2019). Surgical interventions including DBS and MRgFUS are recommended for medically refractory cases; MRgFUS is a novel technique that is less invasive than DBS (Shanker, 2019). Hence, in Taiwan, patients with refractory ET are more likely to be treated with MRgFUS than DBS.

In this retrospective study including 48 patients with drug-refractory ET, MRgFUS thalamotomy significantly reduced hand tremor immediately, and the effect persisted until the 2-year follow-up period. The total CRST scores improved by 35.3, 33.5, and 32.5% after 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years, respectively. The dominant tremor scores improved by 64.0, 60.1, and 58.2% after 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years, respectively. The outcome in this study was not worse than that in previous larger studies (N, ≥ 30; Table 4) (Elias et al., 2016; Chang et al., 2018; Meng et al., 2018). After the achievement of postoperative reduction, the beneficial effect was maintained until the 2-year follow-up period.

TABLE 4

Table 4. Comparison of outcomes between the current and previous studies with a larger sample size (N ≥ 30).

The AEs were mostly transient and mild. The incidence rates of sensory deficit and imbalance after the intervention ranged from 13% to 19% (Park et al., 2019; Sinai et al., 2019). In this study, the frame- and sonication-related AEs disappeared within 1 week. Vasogenic edema over the outer layer, which was treated with dexamethasone, was correlated with symptom relief. However, 6.3 and 8.3% of patients experienced sensory problems that lasted for 1 and 2 years, respectively. The incidence rates of long-term thalamotomy-related AEs in Chinese individuals were not higher than that in Western individuals according to previous reports (Elias et al., 2016; Chang et al., 2018; Meng et al., 2018). Interestingly, during follow-up, diminished leukoaraiosis was observed on T2-weighted-fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (T2 FLAIR), and the accumulation of hemosiderin was observed on susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) series (Figure 2). We hypothesized that this might be the difference between functional lesioning by focused ultrasound and traditional lesioning by radiofrequency ablation. The accumulation of hemosiderin deposits may influence the connection of the dentatorubrothalamic tract. In addition, the SDR values were proportionally correlated with the incidence of AEs. In addition, while a blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal in resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) analysis reveals a focal lesion in the MRgFUS VIM thalamotomy that results in symptom-related, long-term alterations in the effective connectivity of the dentate nucleus in the motor circuit, a similar experiment also could be conducted to explore the effective connectivity difference among AEs (Park et al., 2017).

The proportion of men and women affected by ET is equal. However, hand tremor was more severe in men than in women, and head and voice tremors were more severe in women than in men (Shanker, 2019). MRgFUS thalamotomy is more promising in controlling peripheral tremors, and this may be the reason why more male patients received this treatment. Identifying brain targets for resolving head and voice tremors under safety procedures will be an important issue in future studies.

From a technical viewpoint, the energy efficiency is lower in the low SDR group than in the high SDR group (Chang et al., 2016, 2020). Patients can be at risk for long treatment duration due to different kinds of discomforts, including the tightness and pressure from the silicon membrane attached to the head of the patient, the headache caused by cold water between the transducer and the membrane, the pain caused by the pins of the stereotactic frame, and deep vein thrombosis. Based on a balance between clinical benefits and risks, patients with a high SDR (>0.45) must be selected, which is based on the recommendation of the FDA (U.S. Food Drug Administration, 2020a,b). However, this study had shown that there were no significant differences in terms of clinical outcome and safety profile between patients with a low SDR (0.3–0.4) and those with a high SDR (>0.4). Similar reports of Japan and Korea also showed that patients with low SDR can be successfully treated (Chang et al., 2019; Yamamoto et al., 2019). As reported previously, 50% of Chinese and 78.6% of Japanese patients had SDRs of 0.40 or less (Yamamoto et al., 2019; Tsai et al., 2021). Increasing the efficacy of ablation in treating such patients with low SDR is an important issue. During the preparation of the patient, we attempted to enlarge the skull surface, if possible, by placing the membrane as inferior as possible to prevent exceeding the safety limit of 100 J/cm². Meanwhile, the membrane fold could be excluded from the region of focused ultrasound penetration. Hence, to achieve better focus, the number of active elements can be increased (Yamamoto et al., 2020).

In this study, we used the conventional stereotactic coordinate to determine the initial target location for the VIM thalamotomy. The tremor control (Figure 3) and the reported AE (Table 3) indicated that this targeting strategy leads to similar clinical outcomes as the other reports (Elias et al., 2016; Chang et al., 2018; Meng et al., 2018). Recently, the diffusion-weighted MRI was reported and reviewed (Lehman et al., 2020) to facilitate the targeting of the dentatorubrothalamic tract in order to improve symptom control (Chazen et al., 2018) or avoid the potential adverse effects (Krishna et al., 2019). Although there is an existing limitation of diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) regarding the image distortion and the manual error of this seed-based tractography targeting, this advanced targeting strategy is still promising and could be a valuable reference for this MRgFUS procedure.

Lesion size is associated with the clinical efficacy of MRgFUS thalamotomy in ET (Federau et al., 2018; Harary et al., 2018). At the time of treatment, 3–6 sonications are normally applied to align the center of the hot spot to the selected target; then, the following sonications are used to stimulate the patient, achieve the therapeutic temperature, and consolidate the lesion if there is any. Empirically, the energy efficiency can be lower, and the perifocal edema can be larger if the number of sonications is higher. Hence, instead of moving around the target region to identify a more effective location, a small number of sonications were used, and the treatment was completed to address the aforementioned issues. To date, a high temperature is utilized to create the lesion and control the tremor.

This study was not a randomized controlled trial to ensure efficacy and safety (Elias et al., 2016) but is based on the real-world data like other similar research for safety, effectiveness, and long-term outcomes (Chang et al., 2018; Katkade et al., 2018; Meng et al., 2018; Park et al., 2019; Sinai et al., 2019). It had some limitations. First, retrospective data were collected only for up to 2 years. Hence, a longer follow-up duration is necessary. Second, further analyses of lesions and procedures, which are important in improving the efficacy of treatment and reducing the incidence of AEs, were not performed. Third, the Quality of Life in Essential Tremor Questionnaire (QUEST) was not used. Hence, the quality of life among patients with ET was not evaluated.

In conclusion, the incidence of tremor and disability decreased after MRgFUS thalamotomy among patients with drug-refractory ET. The outcome of this study was similar to that of previous studies, which had <2 years of follow-up. MRgFUS can be performed successfully for patients with normal and low SDR. Therefore, this study suggests the possibility that lowering the cutoff value of SDR (≥0.3) may result in more patients being treated with this nonsurgical and nonionizing intervention.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.

Ethics Statement

The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Institutional Review Board of Show Chwan Memorial Hospital. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.

Author Contributions

PW and WL performed the literature search and wrote the results. KHL and H-CL collected and edited the clinical data. M-TL participated in data analysis. KW-KT wrote the discussion section. P-YC revised the manuscript. W-CC revised and drafted the manuscript. C-YW contributed to the revisions and final draft of the manuscript. TT provided clinical recommendations. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Funding

The study was funded by InSightec (ET002J) and Show Chwan Memorial Hospital (1090908).

Conflict of Interest

KW-KT was employed by company Insightec Ltd. The authors declare that part of this study received funding from Insightec Ltd. under the ET002J protocol. The funder had involvement with the preparation of the manuscript.

Acknowledgments

The study was greatly supported by Dr. Huang, Min-Ho, the president of Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, and InSightec (Haifa, Israel).

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