Skip to main content

EDITORIAL article

Front. Hum. Neurosci., 05 February 2015
Sec. Brain Health and Clinical Neuroscience
Volume 9 - 2015 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00023

Brain development and the attention spectrum

Itai Berger1* Anna Remington2 Yael Leitner3 Alan Leviton4
  • 1The Neuro-Cognitive Center, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
  • 2Department of Psychology and Human Development, Centre for Research in Autism and Education, Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
  • 3Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
  • 4Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

Decreased attention span, hyperactivity, distractibility, and impulsivity are sensitive but non-specific brain functions and behavioral patterns. These expressions of altered functioning should be acknowledged as non-specific, rather than trying to fit them into existing diagnoses.

These abnormalities should be viewed in terms of underlying developmental processes and not as components of discrete non-overlapping disorders. The tendency to squeeze a group of symptoms into a diagnostic entity has the potential to lead to a non-accurate diagnosis, a less than successful treatment plan, and has the potential to be of little prognostic value (Berger and Nevo, 2011).

The developmental approach can provide predictions as to how characteristics associated with attention change over time, and how multiple risk and protective factors influence these temporal changes. It also has the potential to more readily anticipate associated co-morbid features and disorders (Berger and Nevo, 2011; Visser et al., 2014).

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) seems to be considerably more common than other diagnoses among “double-diagnoses” given to children with developmental dysfunctions. Yet the exact prevalence, neurobiological mechanisms, genetic and epigenetic modifications, diagnostic difficulties and treatment methods have not been clearly identified or quantified.

During the last years, the number of publications in this field has grown substantially, but, in part, due to the wide range of interested professionals, these studies have been published in a wide range of journals, sometimes missing some of their “target” populations.

In this research topic, we have focused on the latest research on the biological and neural pathways, as well as on psychosocial and behavioral correlates of brain development and attention spectrum. Thirty-Eight contributors representing the broad spectrum of professions involved in clinical and research aspects of attention in 11 articles, including original research, review, mini-review, and opinion articles, provided a broad scope of state-of-the art research in order to enhance our knowledge regarding this new conceptualization of attention as a complicated spectrum.

This research topic challenges the reader to view attention in new conceptual ways, including: focusing on brain maturation delay among otherwise healthy children diagnosed with ADHD compared to their age group (Berger et al., 2013); the effects of age and task load on attention success (Remington et al., 2014); the attentional function among children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (Lane et al., 2014); the differential diagnosis of sensory modulation disorder and ADHD (Yochman et al., 2013); the effects of environmental distractors on attentional performance (Cassuto et al., 2013); and the much debated effect of alpha-linolenic acid supplementation on ADHD symptoms (Dubnov-Raz et al., 2014).

This research topic also addresses innovative aspects of attention which are discussed in relation to extreme prematurity (O'Shea et al., 2013), the co-occurrence of ADHD and autism (Leitner, 2014), the limited visual orientation ability of children with autism (Landry and Parker, 2013), the possible effects of sex hormones on attentional abilities (Haimov-Kochman and Berger, 2014), and the possibility of elevating hope among ADHD children through virtual reality (Shiri et al., 2014).

We hope that this topic will provide the reader with exciting and thought provoking aspects about the mechanisms underlying attention, and pointing where this field is headed in terms of developing our understanding of the link between brain development and attention performance.

As such, this research topic seeks to serve as a useful tool for a wide range of professionals with special interest in the unusual aspects of attention in order to increase their knowledge, sensitivity and treatment methods among our patients.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

References

Berger, I., and Nevo, Y. (2011). Early developmental cues for diagnosis of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in young children. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev. 17, 170–179. doi: 10.1002/ddrr.1111

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Berger, I., Slobodin, O., Aboud, M., Melamed, J., and Cassuto, H. (2013). Maturational delay in ADHD: evidence from CPT. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 7:691. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00691

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Cassuto, H., Ben-Simon, A., and Berger, I. (2013). Using environmental distractors in the diagnosis of ADHD. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 7:805. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00805

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Dubnov-Raz, G., Khouri, Z., Wright, I., Raz, R., and Berger, I. (2014). The effect of alpha-linolenic acid supplementation on ADHD symptoms in children: a randomized controlled double-blind study. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 8:780. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00780

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Haimov-Kochman, R., and Berger, I. (2014). Cognitive functions of regularly cycling women may differ throughout the month, depending on sex hormone status; a possible explanation to conflicting results of studies of ADHD in females. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 8:191. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00191

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Landry, O., and Parker, A. (2013). A meta-analysis of visual orienting in autism. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 7:833. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00833

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Lane, K. A., Stewart, J., Fernandes, T., Russo, N., Enns, J. T., and Burack, J. A. (2014). Complexities in understanding attentional functioning among children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 8:119. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00119

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Leitner, Y. (2014). The co-occurrence of autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children – what do we know? Front. Hum. Neurosci. 8:268. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00268

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

O'Shea, T. M., Downey, L. C., and Kuban, K. K. (2013). Extreme prematurity and attention deficit: epidemiology and prevention. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 7:578. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00578

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Remington, A., Cartwright-Finch, U., and Lavie, N. (2014). I can see clearly now: the effects of age and perceptual load on inattentional blindness. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 8:229. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00229

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Shiri, S., Tenenbaum, A., Sapir-Budnero, O., and Wexler, I. D. (2014). Elevating hope among children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder through virtual reality. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 8:198. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00198

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Visser, S. N., Danielson, M. L., Bitsko, R. H., Holbrook, J. R., Kogan, M. D., Ghandour, R. M., et al. (2014). Trends in the parent-report of health care provider-diagnosed and medicated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: United States, 2003-2011. J. Am. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry 53, 34–46. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2013.09.001

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Yochman, A., Alon-Beery, O., Sribman, A., and Parush, S. (2013). Differential diagnosis of sensory modulation disorder (SMD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): participation, sensation, and attention. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 7:862. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00862

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Keywords: spectrum, attention, ADHD, brain, child development

Citation: Berger I, Remington A, Leitner Y and Leviton A (2015) Brain development and the attention spectrum. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 9:23. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00023

Received: 12 October 2014; Accepted: 11 January 2015;
Published online: 05 February 2015.

Edited and reviewed by: John J. Foxe, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, USA

Copyright © 2015 Berger, Remington, Leitner and Leviton. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: itberg@hadassah.org.il

Download