REVIEW article
Front. Aging Neurosci.
Sec. Parkinson’s Disease and Aging-related Movement Disorders
Volume 17 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2025.1617106
This article is part of the Research TopicDecoding Neurodegeneration: Insights into the Pathways of Neurological DeclineView all articles
Understanding Parkinson's Disease: Current Trends and its Multifaceted Complications
Provisionally accepted
- RASA Life Science Informatics, Pune, India
Select one of your emails
You have multiple emails registered with Frontiers:
Notify me on publication
Please enter your email address:
If you already have an account, please login
You don't have a Frontiers account ? You can register here
BackgroundParkinson’s disease (PD) is a multifactorial, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. In addition to hallmark motor symptoms, it manifests a wide range of nonmotor complications, including cognitive decline, neuropsychiatric symptoms, autonomic dysfunction, and comorbid metabolic and infectious diseases.ObjectivesThis review aims to elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying PD, explore the influence of genetic and environmental factors, evaluate current treatment limitations, and assess the clinical and socioeconomic burden globally. Emphasis is placed on emerging therapeutic avenues and innovative research directions.MethodsA structured literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The search included articles published between 2010 and 2025, using keywords: 'Parkinson's disease', 'α-synuclein', 'dopaminergic degeneration', 'ferroptosis', 'deep brain stimulation', 'stem cell therapy', and 'AI in PD diagnosis'.ResultsThe review highlights a multifactorial etiology involving α-synuclein pathology, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, genetic mutations (SNCA, LRRK2, VPS35), environmental toxins, and gut dysbiosis. Comorbidities such as HIV, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders exacerbate disease burden. While Levodopa remains the gold standard, its limitations necessitate combination therapy and adjunct modalities such as deep brain stimulation and nanocarrier-based drug delivery. Emerging approaches—stem cell therapy, CRISPR-Cas9, and AI-enhanced diagnostics—show promise.ConclusionPD management requires a paradigm shift toward precision medicine. Advancing research into biomarkers, immunotherapy, and systems biology, coupled with equitable access to care and early diagnosis tools, is critical to mitigating the global impact of PD.
Keywords: Parkinson's disease (PD), neurodegenerative disorder, Genetic and environmental factors, AI, Molecular mechanisms bioinformatics
Received: 23 Apr 2025; Accepted: 30 Jun 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Chaudhary, Chaudhary and Rawat. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Sameer A. Chaudhary, RASA Life Science Informatics, Pune, India
Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.