Editorial: "Advances in Parkinson's Disease Research: Exploring Biomarkers and Therapeutic Strategies for Halting Disease Progression''

Anastasia Bougea^1*Yildiz Degirmenci²

• ¹Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
• ²Head of Neurology Department, Istanbul Health and Technology University (ISTUN) Zincirlikuyu Medicana Hospital Neurology ClinicParkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Istanbul, Türkiye

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra (SN) in 1% of people aged above 65 years (Ben-Shlomo et al., 2024). Its complex clinical picture includes motor symptoms such as tremor, bradykinesia, and gait instability, as well as non-motor symptoms (depression, psychosis, cognitive decline) (Schilder et al., 2017;Titova and Chaudhuri, 2017). Current symptomatic therapies have limited long-term efficacy (Aldaajani and Khalil, 2024). A deep analysis of neural network after PD onset could deepen our understanding of the molecular crosstalk and biological processes underlying PD pathogenesis (Tomkins and Manzoni, 2021). However, there is a lack of reliable biomarkers for early diagnosis, presenting barriers to monitoring and developing disease-modifying therapies. There are several different types of biomarkers for PD , such as clinical, neurochemical and genetic (Bougea, 2020). Ten studies provided novel insights into the early detection and monitoring of PD.in the occipital region of the PD group can be usedtilized as a rapid and objective test indicator to screen for depressive symptoms in PD.Zhang et al. identified circadian rhythm genesAK3, RTN3, and LEPR as biomarkers in the progression of PD by regulating NK cells, however, the exact mechanism is not clear.Wang et al. confirmed that authenticated GPR78, CADM3, and CACNA1E were as the biomarkers that mostly mainly participated in pathways, such as the 'cell cycle' and 'hydrogen peroxide catabolic process', and They also found; five types of differential immune cells that differed between PD and control groups were identified. Together, these studies highlight the importance of combination of biomarkers and risk variables into predictive models , improving early diagnosis and monitoring of PD. Sme of them may serve as diagnostics (lncRNAs, P1 amplitude) or predictive (NVU, cathepsin B, APA2, circadian rhythm genesAK3) may shed novel light on the pathogenesis of PD.Both pharmaceutical and non-pharmacological (cognitive training, physical activity, and dietary changes) treatments are used to treat PD symptoms (Degirmenci et al., 2023;Ernst et al., 2024). Seven promising approaches were also highlighted by this showed that acupuncture, cognitive behavioral therapy, exercise and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation significantly improved sleep, depression, anxiety, cognition, constipation, and quality of life of PD patients.Studies suggest personalized pharmaceutical and non-pharmacological therapies for PD, with nicotine, Golexanolone, taVNS, acupuncture, and FMT showing promising antiparkinsonian properties, by modulating brain activity. Further research is needed to validate their sustainability, safety, and effectiveness.Bibliometric analysis is a systematic approach to evaluating scientific literature and detecting patterns, and effects by using quantitative tools to filter data from relevant sources (Passas, 2024). This research topic includes two bibliometric studies that significantly expand their respective fields. This research topic combines important studies on the risk factors, treatments, biomarkers and bibliometric analysis. The results of these studies provide a useful guide for clinicians in their practice and to suggest targets for researchers in developing new diagnostics and therapeutic strategies. We conclude that the results of these studies are a useful tool that help clinicians in their practice and motivate researchers to look for new developments.