SYSTEMATIC REVIEW article
Front. Aging Neurosci.
Sec. Parkinson’s Disease and Aging-related Movement Disorders
This article is part of the Research TopicFrom Biomarkers to therapy: Advancing precision neuromodulation in motor neurorehabilitationView all articles
Transcranial Stimulation Combined with Four Rehabilitation Therapies for Gait and Motor Function in Parkinson's Disease: A Network Meta-Analysis of 23 RCTs
Provisionally accepted
- 1Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
- 2Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Introduction: Parkinson's disease (PD) has become the fastest-growing neurological disease worldwide. This network meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy of transcranial stimulation combined with four rehabilitation approaches for improving gait and motor function in Parkinson's disease. Methods: We systematically searched seven databases: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, and Wanfang. Data from 23 randomized controlled trials (n=669 patients) were analyzed using a frequentist network meta-analysis approach. Primary outcomes included gait parameters (velocity, cadence, stride length) and motor function (Timed Up and Go test, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III). Statistical analyses incorporated the Surface Under the Cumulative Ranking curve rankings and sensitivity analyses. Results: (1) For gait outcomes, Dual-Task Training showed optimal efficacy for improving stride length (SUCRA=100%) and velocity (86.5%), while Exercise Rehabilitation best improved cadence (100%). (2) For motor function, Conventional Rehabilitation demonstrated superior improvement in the Timed Up and Go test (100%), and Dual-Task Training showed advantages in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III scores (85.1%). All combined interventions significantly outperformed the control groups (p<0.05), and sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these findings. Conclusion: The results support the use of personalized rehabilitation strategies: Dual-Task Training for patients with stride deficits and prominent motor symptoms, Exercise Rehabilitation for cadence improvement, and Conventional Rehabilitation for enhancing general mobility. These findings provide evidence-based guidance for optimizing neurorehabilitation protocols in the management of Parkinson's disease. Keyword: Parkinson; Rehabilitation; Transcranial Stimulation; Gait; Motor; Combined exercise therapy
Keywords: Parkinson, Rehabilitation, transcranial stimulation, Gait, motor, Combined exercise therapy
Received: 22 Jul 2025; Accepted: 24 Nov 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Li, Lin, Haojie and Zhou. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Jian Zhou
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