REVIEW article
Front. Anal. Sci.
Sec. Biomedical Analysis and Diagnostics
Current methodologies to the analysis of morphine and its metabolites in biological matrices
Provisionally accepted
- 1Hangzhou Hospital for the Prevention and Treatment of Occupational Disease, Hangzhou, China
- 2Hangzhou City Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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Morphine (MOR) is a commonly utilized opioid analgesic in the field of pain management. However, its potential for abuse presents substantial public health concerns. This suggests the necessity for developing an accurate and sensitive analytical method for the determination of MOR and its metabolites in biological specimens. In this review, various analytical techniques, including HPLC, LC-MS, UHPLC-MS and electrochemical sensors, have been applied for the measurement of MOR and its metabolites in biological samples. LC-MS is the gold standard due to its high sensitivity and specificity. In addition, electrochemical methods are also highlighted as a primary analytical approach in this research.
Keywords: Analytical procedures, Biological Samples, Morphine, Metabolites, Electrochemistry, Chromatography
Received: 06 Aug 2025; Accepted: 20 Nov 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Shan, Yang, Zhang, Shao, Jin, Tan and Le. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Yanna Le, leyannazfy@126.com
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