ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Digit. Health
Sec. Connected Health
Volume 7 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fdgth.2025.1603550
This article is part of the Research TopicImplementing Digital Twins in Healthcare: Pathways to Person-Centric SolutionsView all 7 articles
"Simulation-Based Assessment of Digital Twin Systems for Immunisation"
Provisionally accepted
- 1Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- 2Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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This paper presents the application of simulation to assess the functionality of a proposed Digital Twin (DT) architecture for immunisation services in primary healthcare centres. The solution is based on Industry 4.0 concepts and technologies, such as IoT, machine learning, and cloud computing, and adheres to the ISO 23247 standard.The system modelling is carried out using the Unified Modelling Language (UML) to define the workflows and processes involved, including vaccine storage temperature monitoring and population vaccination status tracking. The proposed architecture is structured into four domains: observable elements/entities, data collection and device control, digital twin platform, and user domain. To validate the system's performance and feasibility, simulations are conducted using SimPy, enabling the evaluation of its response under various operational scenarios.The system facilitates the storage, monitoring, and visualisation of data related to the thermal conditions of ice-lined refrigerators (ILR) and thermal boxes. Additionally, it analyses patient vaccination coverage based on the official immunisation schedule. The key benefits include optimising vaccine storage conditions, reducing dose wastage, continuously monitoring immunisation coverage, and supporting strategic vaccination planning.The paper discusses the future impacts of this approach on immunisation management and its scalability for diverse public health contexts. By leveraging advanced technologies and simulation, this digital twin framework aims to improve the performance and overall impact of immunization services.
Keywords: Immunisation, Digital Twin, Vaccines, TwinVax, simulation, IoT
Received: 31 Mar 2025; Accepted: 11 Aug 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 EL-WARRAK, De Farias and De Azevedo Costa. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: LEONARDO DE OLIVEIRA EL-WARRAK, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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