Healthcare Practitioners' Acceptance of Using Telehealth in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An Application of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology Model

Abdullah A Almojaibel^1*Abdulelah Aldhahir²Khalid Aldilaijan³Rayyan Almusally⁴Marah Alatrash⁵Mohammed Alkhofi⁶Saeed Alghamdi⁷Yousef Alqurashi¹Mohammed Alsubaiei¹Khalid AlHarkan⁶Jithin Sreedharan⁸Shoug AlHumoud¹

• ¹Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University College of Applied Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
• ²College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
• ³King Fahd Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
• ⁴Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia
• ⁵King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
• ⁶Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University College of Medicine, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
• ⁷Umm Al-Qura University College of Applied Medical Sciences, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
• ⁸University of Doha for Science & Technology College of Health Sciences, Doha, Qatar

Introduction: Telehealth offers several advantages over traditional in-person clinic visits. Understanding healthcare practitioners' (HCPs) acceptance of telehealth is essential to ensure the successful, high-quality, and safe implementation of telehealth programs. However, a comprehensive, theory-driven understanding of the factors influencing HCPs' acceptance of telehealth in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is lacking, hindering the development of effective implementation strategies. Therefore, this study aimed to measure telehealth acceptance among HCPs in the KSA and to identify the key predictors of their intention to use it, with a specific focus on constructs derived from the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). Methods:This study was conducted from June 2024 to January 2025. HCPs working in the KSA were included. The survey was grounded in the UTAUT and consisted of four constructs: performance expectancy (PE), effort expectancy (EE), social influence (SI), and facilitating conditions (FC). In addition to behavioral intention (BI) as the dependent variable.The data analysis included performing descriptive analysis for the sociodemographic variables and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of 1,051 HCPs completed the survey. The analysis indicated that 97.8% of respondents expressed a positive intention to use telehealth in the future. Performance expectancy (PE) emerged as a significant predictor of the intention to use telehealth (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.45, p < 0.05), as did social influence (SI) (AOR = 19.25.2, p < 0.01). Furthermore, employment in military or private hospitals was associated with a significantly lower likelihood of intending to use telehealth (AOR = 0.05, p < 0.05 and AOR = 0.07, p < 0.05, respectively). Conclusion: This study represents the first large-scale, theory-driven investigation of telehealth acceptance among HCPs across the KSA. The findings underscore the critical role of PE and SI as significant predictors of HCPs' intention to adopt telehealth. These insights provide valuable direction for policymakers and healthcare leaders, emphasizing the importance of fostering supportive professional environments and highlighting perceived benefits to enhance telehealth adoption. To address concerns related to effort expectancy and the facilitating conditions, telehealth developers should prioritize user-friendly designs and provide accessible and responsive IT support for users.