Genomic Insights About the Effect of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors

Pavitraa Saravana Kumar¹Yogapriya Chidambaram¹G Shree Devi¹Vettriselvi Venkatesan¹Ramesh Sankaran¹Nagendra Boopathy Senguttuvan^1*Thanikachalam Sadagopan¹Prabhakaran Dorairaj²

• ¹Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
• ²Centre for Chronic Disease Control, Delhi, Delhi, India

Introduction: Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome with high morbidity and mortality, significantly burdening healthcare systems worldwide. Despite advances in therapy, effective treatment options remain limited. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, initially developed for diabetes management, have demonstrated cardiovascular benefits, including reductions in HF hospitalizations and mortality. This systematic review examines the genomic effects of SGLT2 inhibitors in HF patients, focusing on gene expression, inflammatory biomarkers, and potential personalized treatment pathways. Methods: A systematic literature search of various databases was conducted up to November 2024, following PRISMA guidelines. Studies were included if they explored the genomic or molecular impacts of SGLT2 inhibitors in HF. Data extraction and analysis focused on gene expression changes, circulating biomarkers, and potential genomic mechanisms.Results: Of the 258 identified studies, three met the inclusion criteria. Key findings include: a) SGLT2 inhibitors downregulate pro-inflammatory genes in adipose tissue, reducing immune cell infiltration and ferroptosis; b) Genetic evidence highlights CXCL10 as a mediator of anti-inflammatory effects, with its inhibition linked to reduced HF risk; c) LRRTM2, a protein associated with synaptic formation, emerged as a critical mediator, with genetic links to reduced HF risk via SGLT2 inhibition.Discussion: This review underscores the genomic mechanisms through which SGLT2 inhibitors provide cardiovascular benefits. Key insights into gene expression modulation and protein interactions