ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Genet.
Sec. Computational Genomics
Identification and validation of biomarkers related to nicotinamide metabolic pathway activity in heart failure
Provisionally accepted
- 1Tianjin Union Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- 2Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Background: Heart failure (HF) is the final stage of cardiovascular diseases. Nicotinamide metabolism (NMN) plays a key role in cardiovascular dysfunction. We aimed to explore genes correlated with NM pathway activity (NMRGs) in HF. Methods: HF data were obtained from public databases, and NMRGs were sourced from literature. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified NM-associated module genes. Candidate genes were selected via differential expression profiling and module analysis. Biomarkers were identified using protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, machine learning, and gene expression validation. Diagnostic efficacy was assessed via nomogram. Functional enrichment, immune infiltration, and drug prediction analyses were performed. Biomarker expression was validated by Reverse Transcription quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR). Results: Among 492 candidate genes, NDC1, NUP133, and TRMT11 were validated as biomarkers. The nomogram showed high diagnostic accuracy. Biomarkers were enriched in spliceosome and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis pathways. Immune infiltration revealed correlations with neutrophils. Potential drugs, including tetradecanoylphorbol acetate, were identified. Biomarker expression was significantly lower in HF. Conclusion: NDC1, NUP133, and TRMT11 are NM-related biomarkers in HF, offering insights into HF pathogenesis and therapy.
Keywords: NDC11, NUP1332, heart failure3, metabolism-related4, TRMT11
Received: 12 Aug 2025; Accepted: 27 Nov 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Du, Yang, Wu, Bi, Wang, Cheng and Yao. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Jianping Du
Zhuhua Yao
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